Synergism of microorganisms and enzymes in solid-state fermentation of animal feed. A review

Li, W.; Cheng, Peifang; Zhang, J.-B.; Zhao, Li; Ma, Yongkun; Ding, Kaili

doi:10.22358/jafs/133151/2021

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…However, the combination and partial replacement of common urea with protected urea has been poorly explored. The combination of these can maximize the production of microbial protein due to the synergism of energy and protein, used as a substrate by ammonia-degrading amylolytic and cellulolytic bacteria (LI et al, 2021). Therefore, our hypothesis is that the partial or total replacement of common urea with protected urea in the supplement causes no changes in nutrient intake and digestibility, and metabolites of sheep.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Replacement of common urea with protected urea in sheep supplement

Ribeiro¹,

Schultz²,

Sousa³

et al. 2021

Bol. Ind. Anim.

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The objective was to evaluate the effect of replacing common urea with protected urea in the supplement on the nutrient intake and digestibility and metabolic profile of sheep. Five adult sheep, with an average age of 4 years and an initial average body weight of 50 ± 4.03 kg, were used. The diet consisted of sorghum silage, supplemented with a multiple mixture of corn bran, soybean meal, white salt, mineral salt, common urea (CU) or protected urea (PU). The experimental design was a 5x5 Latin square. Treatments consisted of: control or 100% CU, 75% CU and 25% PU, 50% CU and 50% PU, 25% CU and 75% PU and 100% PU. Collections and analysis of feed, feces, urine and blood were carried out to assess intake, digestibility and blood metabolites. Analysis of variance and SNK test were applied considering 5% significance. Nonparametric data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis at a significance level of 5%. The replacement of common urea with protected urea did not (P> 0.05) alter the intake of dry matter, crude protein and water, and the dry matter digestibility. The production of urine and feces, and the density of urine also did not (P> 0.05) show statistical difference with the replacement of common urea with protected urea. As for protein and energy metabolites, only glycemia showed variation (P <0.05), with the proportion of 75% CU and 25% PU, indicating the highest concentration of glucose in relation to the replacement of 0, 50 and 100% PU in the supplement. There are no benefits from partial or total replacement of common urea with protected urea in sheep supplementation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Replacement of common urea with protected urea in sheep supplement

Ribeiro¹,

Schultz²,

Sousa³

et al. 2021

Bol. Ind. Anim.

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“…Probiotics such as Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces, and Bacillus subtilis have been widely used in feed fermentation, but it has been shown that the amount of protease secreted by the strains through simple microbial fermentation alone is low and cannot meet the actual production demand (7). Bacterial and enzyme co-fermented feed refers to the addition of a certain amount of exogenous compound enzymes and probiotics for joint fermentation, thus degrading the anti-nutritional ingredients in the feed, regulating the bitterness of the feed, improving the palatability of the feed, compensating for the lack of enzyme production and poor enzymatic taste of a single microbial fermentation, promoting animal feeding, improving feed utilization and nutritional value (8)(9)(10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of tea residues-fermented feed on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, caecal microbiota, and ammonia emissions of laying hens

Chen

Zhou

et al. 2023

Front. Vet. Sci.

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This study was to assess the effects of tea residues-fermented feed (TR-fermented feed) on production performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity, caecal microbiota, and ammonia emissions of laying hens. A total of 1,296 Lohmann laying hens have randomly distributed four groups with six parallels and fed with diets TR-fermented feed at the rates of 0 (control), 1, 3, and 5%. The inclusion of 1% (TR)-fermented feed resulted in a significant increase in egg-laying rate and average egg weight of birds, and a reduction in the feed-to-egg ratio when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The addition of 1 and 3% of (TR)-fermented feed significantly improved the Haugh unit of eggs (p < 0.05). The eggshell thickness was observed to increase by almost one-fold upon the inclusion of 3 and 5% (TR)-fermented feed in the basal diet (p < 0.05). The supplementation of 3% (TR)-fermented feed significantly increased the content of methionine, tyrosine, proline, essential amino acids (EAA), alpha linoleic acid (C18:3n6), docosanoic acid (C22:0), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3), twenty-three carbonic acids (C23:0), ditetradecenoic acid (C24:1) and total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑ω-3 PUFA) in the eggs (p < 0.05). The addition of a certain amount of (TR)-fermented feed can enhance the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in chicken serum, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.05). The ammonia concentration in the hen house of laying hens in the treatment groups decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, the main phyla in the cecal bacterial community, were differentially abundant in each group, comprising greater than 55 and 33%, respectively. Collectively, this research indicates that (TR)-fermented feed supplementation improves the performance of laying hens and reduces ammonia emissions and can be used in industry-scale layer production.

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“…Disruptions in intestinal architecture and microbiota equilibrium can compromise the intestinal barrier's functionality, resulting in diminished immunity and stunted growth performance in animals. Glutamine (Gln), a nutrient pivotal for gut health, is integral in promoting intestinal epithelial proliferation, preserving intestinal morphological integrity, Foods 2023, 12, 4336 2 of 16 and safeguarding the intestinal barrier function [4]. Nonetheless, the direct application of Gln in the feed industry is constrained by its instability and poor water solubility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lactobacillus, part of the lactic acid bacteria family, can reduce the fermentation system's pH and curb the growth of certain pathogenic bacteria through its organic acid production [15]. The incorporation of exogenous protease during fermentation enriches the protease system, boosting microorganisms' efficiency in utilizing macromolecular proteins in feed and thereby enhancing protein bioavailability [16]. To augment the bioavailability of CGM protein and liberate its glutamine peptides, this study implemented a co-fermentation protocol using Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus, and acid protease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Glutamine-Enriched Fermented Feed from Corn Gluten Meal and Its Functionality Evaluation

Fan,

Liu,

Deng

et al. 2023

Foods

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China faces a persistent deficiency in feed protein resources. Enhancing the utilization efficiency of indigenous feed protein resources emerges as a viable strategy to alleviate the current deficit in protein feed supply. Corn gluten meal (CGM), characterized by a high proportion of crude protein and glutamine, is predominantly employed in animal feed. Nonetheless, the water-insolubility of CGM protein hampers its protein bioavailability when utilized as feed material. The aim of this study was to augment protein bioavailability, liberate glutamine peptides from CGM, and produce glutamine-enriched CGM fermented feed. We executed a co-fermentation protocol using Bacillus subtilis A5, Lactobacillus 02002, and acid protease to generate the CGM fermented feed. Subsequent in vivo experiments with broilers were conducted to assess the efficacy of the fermented product. The findings revealed that the soluble protein, glutamine, small peptides, and lactic acid contents in the fermented feed increased by 69.1%, 700%, 47.6%, and 125.9%, respectively. Incorporating 15% and 30% CGM fermented feed into the diet markedly enhanced the growth performance and intestinal health of broilers, positively modulated the cecal microbiota structure, and augmented the population of beneficial bacteria, specifically Lactobacillus. These results furnish both experimental and theoretical foundations for deploying CGM fermented feed as an alternative protein feed resource.

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Synergism of microorganisms and enzymes in solid-state fermentation of animal feed. A review

Cited by 8 publications

References 57 publications

Replacement of common urea with protected urea in sheep supplement

Replacement of common urea with protected urea in sheep supplement

Effects of tea residues-fermented feed on production performance, egg quality, antioxidant capacity, caecal microbiota, and ammonia emissions of laying hens

Preparation of Glutamine-Enriched Fermented Feed from Corn Gluten Meal and Its Functionality Evaluation

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