Synergies on the coast: Challenges facing shellfish aquaculture development on the central and north coast of British Columbia

Holden, Jessica J.; Collicutt, Brenna; Covernton, Garth A.; Cox, Kieran; Lancaster, Darienne; Dudas, Sarah E.; Ban, Natalie C.; Jacob, Aerin L.

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.01.001

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…The pH of ocean surface water has decreased by 0.1 units since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (IPCC 2013), and modelling studies suggest a further decline of 0.3-0.5 pH units by 2100 (Caldeira & Wickett 2005). Similar models were proposed for the Pacific Northwest, with a decline in oceanic pH and an associated drop in aragonite saturation (Holden et al 2019). Further, increased carbon emission scenarios predict pH reductions of 0.8-1.4 units by 2300 (Caldeira & Wickett 2005).…”

Section: Ocean Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Resilience of cold water aquaculture: a review of likely scenarios as climate changes in the Gulf of Maine

Bricknell

Birkel

Brawley

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing development and continuation of sustainable aquaculture in temperate regions. We primarily consider the ecological and physical resilience of aquaculture in the Gulf of Maine (GoM), where a thriving industry includes marine algae, extensive and intensive shellfish aquaculture, and a well-established Atlantic salmon industry, as well as the infrastructure required to support these economically important ventures. The historical record of sea surface temperature in the GoM, estimated from gridded, interpolated in situ measurements, shows considerable interannual and decade-scale variability superimposed on an overall warming trend. Climate model projections of sea surface temperature indicate that the surface waters in the GoM could warm 0.5-3.5°C beyond recent values by the year 2100. This suggests that, while variability will continue, anomalous warmth of marine heatwaves that have been observed in the past decade could become the norm in the GoM ca. 2050, but with the most significant impacts to existing aquaculture along the southernmost region of the coast. We consider adaptations leading to aquacultural resilience despite the effects of warming, larger numbers of harmful nonindigenous species (including pathogens and parasites), acidification, sea-level rise, and more frequent storms and storm surges. Some new species will be needed, but immediate attention to adapt existing species (e.g. preserve/define wild biodiversity, breed for temperature tolerance and incorporate greater husbandry) and aquaculture infrastructure can be successful. We predict that these measures and continued collaboration between industry, stakeholders, government and researchers will lead to sustaining a vibrant working waterfront in the GoM.

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Section: Ocean Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Similar models were proposed for the Pacific Northwest, with a decline in oceanic pH and an associated drop in aragonite saturation (Holden et al . 2019). Further, increased carbon emission scenarios predict pH reductions of 0.8–1.4 units by 2300 (Caldeira & Wickett 2005).…”

Section: The Gulf Of Maine and Climate Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience of cold water aquaculture: a review of likely scenarios as climate changes in the Gulf of Maine

Bricknell

Birkel

Brawley

et al. 2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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“…Although the role this transfer of nutrients plays within terrestrial ecosystems remains unknown, if even a fraction of these nutrients enters terrestrial ecosystems, the potential for ecological responses is evident. As annual seafood consumption is set to increase by 1.5 kg per person in the coming decade (Delgado et al , FAO ), and especially as shellfish farming is incorporated in marine planning initiatives and developed with local ecological context (Holden et al ), any effect on terrestrial ecosystems related to shellfish removal by industrial fisheries will only increase.…”

Section: Shellfish Subsidies Globallymentioning

confidence: 99%

Shellfish subsidies along the Pacific coast of North America

et al. 2020

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Spatial subsidies are associated with pronounced ecosystem responses, as nutrients cross ecological boundaries and cascade through food webs. While the importance of subsidies is known, the role of shellfish, specifically molluscs, as a marine subsidy has not been formally described. Focusing primarily on the Pacific coast of North America, we identify vectors that transport shellfish-derived nutrients into coastal terrestrial environments, including birds, mammals, and over 13 000 yr of marine resource use by people. Evidence from recipient ecosystems suggests shellfish drastically influence soil chemistry, forest productivity and the diversity of primary producers at the regional and landscape level. Responses in higher trophic levels have not yet been investigated, but given documented responses in lower trophic levels, this may be due to a lack of examination. To determine if the processes we describe within the northeast Pacific are pertinent to coastal environments worldwide, we also explore shellfish subsidies globally, with a specific focus on temperate and tropical islands. As shellfish are not as spatially or temporally constrained as other subsidies, our examination suggests our findings are applicable to many other geographical regions along the marine-terrestrial interface. Marine subsidiesMarine subsidies occur when nutrients are transferred from marine to terrestrial ecosystems, anywhere along the 594 000 km of global coastline (Hammond 1990). These subsidies can take the form of seabird guano (Sánchez-Piñero and Polis 2000), marine mammal carcasses (Polis and Hurd 1996), spawning fishes (Fox et al. 2015, Reimchen 2018 or macroalgae deposition (Spiller et al. 2010). While all of these subsidies play important roles in shaping terrestrial productivity, their effect sizes vary over space and time. For example, relatively brief, intense pulses of marine nutrients are deposited in riparian forests during annual Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. autumn spawning (Gende et al.

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“…However, shellfish has been important for food, social and ceremonial harvest for Coastal First Nations across the North Pacific Coast for millennia. Exploring the development of this industry (specifically Japanese scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis; and geoduck clams, Panopea abrupta) was identified as a top priority among Coastal First Nations, provided it did not negatively affect other activities including established, growing and potential industries such as forestry or nature-based tourism, and that it would remain viable with changing ocean conditions (reviewed in Holden et al, 2019).…”

Section: Transparent and Evidence-based Approaches Can Reduce User Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Approaches and Advances in Spatial Tools to Achieve Multi-Objective Marine Spatial Planning

et al. 2019

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Marine spatial planning (MSP) processes seek to better manage ocean spaces by balancing ecological, social and economic objectives using public and participatory processes. To meet this challenge, MSP approaches and tools have evolved globally, from local to national scales. At two International Marine Conservation Congresses (2016 and 2018), MSP practitioners and researchers from diverse geographic, technical and socioeconomic contexts met to share advances in practical approaches and spatial tools to achieve multi-objective MSP. Here we share the lessons learned and commonalities that emerged from studies conducted in Belize, Canada, South Africa, Seychelles, the United Kingdom and the United States on a number of topics related to advancing MSP. We identify seven important themes that we believe are broadly relevant to any multi-objective MSP process: (1) indigenous and local knowledge should inform planning goals and objectives; (2) transparent and evidence-based approaches can reduce user conflict; (3) simple ecosystem service models and scenarios can facilitate multi-objective planning; (4) trade-off analyses can help balance diverse objectives; (5) ecosystem services may assist planning for high value-data poor Blue Economy sectors; (6) game theoretic decision rules can help to deliver fair, equitable and win-win spatial allocation solutions; and (7) strategic mapping products can facilitate decision making amongst stakeholders from different sectors. Some of these themes are evident in MSP processes that have been completed in the previous decade, but the fast-evolving field of MSP is addressing increasingly more complex objectives, and practitioners need to respond with practical approaches and spatial tools that can address this complexity.

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Synergies on the coast: Challenges facing shellfish aquaculture development on the central and north coast of British Columbia

Cited by 19 publications

References 75 publications

Resilience of cold water aquaculture: a review of likely scenarios as climate changes in the Gulf of Maine

Resilience of cold water aquaculture: a review of likely scenarios as climate changes in the Gulf of Maine

Shellfish subsidies along the Pacific coast of North America

Practical Approaches and Advances in Spatial Tools to Achieve Multi-Objective Marine Spatial Planning

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