Syndromes X: Two too many

Impaired fatty acid metabolism in familial combined hyperlipidemia. A mechanism associating hepatic apolipoprotein B overproduction and insulin resistance.

“…Insulin resistance which has been associated to increased atherosclerotic risk ( 14), has also been associated with FCH ( 15 ). In subjects with the syndrome ofinsulin resistance, also known as "syndrome X" ( 16,17), "familial dyslipidemic hypertension" ( 15,18), or the "deadly quartet" ( 19), clustering of risk factors may be found. This atherosclerotic state has also been called the "atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype" (20) and a candidate gene cluster comprising the insulin receptor and LDL receptor genes has been found on the short arm of chromosome 19 (21).…”

Birth Weight, Adult Weight, and Girth as Predictors of the Metabolic Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study

“…Commonly used descriptions include syndrome X (2), the deadly quartet (3), the atherothrombogenic syndrome (4), and the insulin resistance syndrome (5). The term "metabolic syndrome" will be used in this study, highlighting the simultaneous presence of three or more metabolic conditions while avoiding confusion with the term "syndrome X" of microvascular angina (6) and assumptions about the underlying mechanisms (7). There is no universally accepted definition for the metabolic syndrome.…”

Exercise-induced intra-ventricular gradients as a frequent potential cause of myocardial ischemia in cardiac syndrome X patients

“…The same denomination was also applied to a syndrome, characterized by insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and diabetes, that is associated with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abdominal obesity. Hence a more specific terminology comes in use: angina with normal coronary arteriography [ 11 ]. Patients with this entity, predominantly women [ 12 ], complain of pain that is frequently atypical.…”