Synchrotron X-ray imaging of directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of titanium alloy Ti-6242

Chen, Yunhui; Clark, Samuel J.; Sinclair, Lorna; Leung, Chu Lun Alex; Marussi, Sebastian; Connolley, Thomas; Atwood, Robert C.; Baxter, Gavin; Jones, Matthew; Todd, Iain; Lee, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2021.101969

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The quality of additively manufactured implants highly depends on the selected additive manufacturing technique and the quality of titanium and its alloy powders. Additive manufacturing techniques employed to fabricate the biomaterials include directed energy deposition [ 171 ], laser-based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-LB/M) [ 172 ], powder fed system of binder jetting [ 173 ], electron beam powder bed fusion of metals (PBF-EB/M) [ 174 ], plasma atomization [ 175 ], gas atomization [ 176 ], and plasma rotating electrode process [ 177 ].…”

Section: Advanced Manufacturing (Am) Of Titanium Alloys For Biomedical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications

et al. 2021

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Commercially pure titanium and titanium alloys have been among the most commonly used materials for biomedical applications since the 1950s. Due to the excellent mechanical tribological properties, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of titanium, it is getting much attention as a biomaterial for implants. Furthermore, titanium promotes osseointegration without any additional adhesives by physically bonding with the living bone at the implant site. These properties are crucial for producing high-strength metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Titanium alloys are manufactured into the three types of α, β, and α + β. The scientific and clinical understanding of titanium and its potential applications, especially in the biomedical field, are still in the early stages. This review aims to establish a credible platform for the current and future roles of titanium in biomedicine. We first explore the developmental history of titanium. Then, we review the recent advancement of the utility of titanium in diverse biomedical areas, its functional properties, mechanisms of biocompatibility, host tissue responses, and various relevant antimicrobial strategies. Future research will be directed toward advanced manufacturing technologies, such as powder-based additive manufacturing, electron beam melting and laser melting deposition, as well as analyzing the effects of alloying elements on the biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties of titanium. Moreover, the role of titania nanotubes in regenerative medicine and nanomedicine applications, such as localized drug delivery system, immunomodulatory agents, antibacterial agents, and hemocompatibility, is investigated, and the paper concludes with the future outlook of titanium alloys as biomaterials. Graphic abstract

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Section: Advanced Manufacturing (Am) Of Titanium Alloys For Biomedical Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications

et al. 2021

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“…Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques such as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and directed energy deposition (DED) have been increasingly explored for the manufacture of products for the aerospace, automotive and biomedical sectors, because of their capability to produce complex, near-net-shape components directly from a 3D CAD file [3,141]. In situ Xray imaging with high temporal resolution (microseconds) provided by synchrotron X-ray sources is being used to investigate the process-structure relationships in these processes, such as the high speed melt pool behaviour, heat source-powder bed interactions and defect formation [48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. It is also being used to shed light on other rapid solidification processes such as laser spot welding [68,142,143].…”

Section: Non-equilibrium Metal Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The focus of solidification research on Al alloys derives from the relatively easy-to-achieve melting temperatures of around 660 °C, and excellent absorption contrast between Al and typical alloying elements such as Cu and Zn. Further, the high temporal resolution now afforded also allows new insights to be gained on transient phenomena during non-equilibrium, rapid solidification processes, such as the effect of processing parameters on melt pool morphology and melt pool defects in additive manufacturing (AM) [48][49][50][51][52][53][54], and has also made a contribution to the development and validation of new AM processes [55,56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray Imaging of Alloy Solidification: Crystal Formation, Growth, Instability and Defects

2022

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Synchrotron and laboratory-based X-ray imaging techniques have been increasingly used for in situ investigations of alloy solidification and other metal processes. Several reviews have been published in recent years that have focused on the development of in situ X-ray imaging techniques for metal solidification studies. Instead, this work provides a comprehensive review of knowledge provided by in situ X-ray imaging for improved understanding of solidification theories and emerging metal processing technologies. We first review insights related to crystal nucleation and growth mechanisms gained by in situ X-ray imaging, including solute suppressed nucleation theory of α-Al and intermetallic compound crystals, dendritic growth of α-Al and the twin plane re-entrant growth mechanism of faceted Fe-rich intermetallics. Second, we discuss the contribution of in situ X-ray studies in understanding microstructural instability, including dendrite fragmentation induced by solute-driven, dendrite root re-melting, instability of a planar solid/liquid interface, the cellular-to-dendritic transition and the columnar-to-equiaxed transition. Third, we review investigations of defect formation mechanisms during near-equilibrium solidification, including porosity and hot tear formation, and the associated liquid metal flow. Then, we discuss how X-ray imaging is being applied to the understanding and development of emerging metal processes that operate further from equilibrium, such as additive manufacturing. Finally, the outlook for future research opportunities and challenges is presented.

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“…The Blown Powder Additive Manufacturing Process Replicator (BAMPR) has been developed to faithfully replicate a commercial DED-AM system with an industrial laser power density (up to 6366 W mm -2 ). that can be integrated into synchrotron beamlines (see Supplementary Video 1) [32]. The traverse speed of the sample stage in both cases was controllable in the range 1 -5 mm s -1 to enable continuous track formation.…”

Section: In Situ and Operando Synchrotron X-ray Imaging And Diffracti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlative Synchrotron X-Ray Imaging and Diffraction of Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing

et al. 2020

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Synchrotron X-ray imaging of directed energy deposition additive manufacturing of titanium alloy Ti-6242

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications

A state-of-the-art review of the fabrication and characteristics of titanium and its alloys for biomedical applications

X-ray Imaging of Alloy Solidification: Crystal Formation, Growth, Instability and Defects

Correlative Synchrotron X-Ray Imaging and Diffraction of Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing

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