Synchrophasor based thermal overhead line monitoring considering line spans and thermal transients

An approach to dynamic line rating state estimation at thermal steady state using direct and indirect measurements

“…Finally, with the state variables (x) defined and with the DLR measurements functions addressed in section 2, the SE is stated as follows: ifx is assumed to be the best estimates of x, a residual vector ε (18) is obtained to evaluate the measurement functions h(z,x). These functions are formed as in (19) and are described in the AppendixA.…”

“…In a similar way, in [18] the average conductor temperature is computed at steady state and during thermal transients using only PMU, by means of linearizing the state estimation problem. In reference [19], an improved model based on PMU is presented. It considers the atmospheric conditions along the line route through π-equivalent circuits connected in series.…”

Enhanced heat transfer characteristics and ampacity analysis of a high‐voltage overhead transmission line under aeolian vibration

“…The allowed ampacity is calculated based on the heat balance model, and the heat balance equation is expressed as follows [32,33]:…”

Application of a combined electro‐thermal overhead line model in power flow and time‐domain power system simulations

“…The temperature‐dependent power flow problem is assessed in [4] and the assessment of power transfer limits considering electro‐thermal coupling is discussed in [9]. Other applications that may benefit from the application of a comprehensive ET‐OHL model can be found in DLR related studies such as [10–20] or wind power integration and curtailment studies such as [21–25].…”