Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sweden

Rondung, Elisabet; Leiler, Anna; Meurling, Jennifer; Bjärtå, Anna

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.562437

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Our study showed that younger age and unmarried status were persistent risk factors for anxiety over the year of this study. Similar to our findings, previous studies have shown that younger age was a significant predictor of anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 13 ]. The movement restrictions and social isolation associated with the pandemic could have resulted in more anxiety symptoms [ 44 , 45 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Such limitations in social life could have contributed to their persistent anxiety over time. In addition, the literature reported a supportive social system as a protective factor against anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic [ 13 , 46 ]. A French study showed that loneliness increased the risk of anxiety during COVID-19 lockdowns [ 4 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the respiratory manifestation that COVID-19 mainly presents with, other manifestations and complications of the infection are vast and could include cardiovascular, thromboembolic, and neurological ones [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. In addition, COVID-19 has considerable psychological effects on patients and the general public as a whole [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. A Swedish cross-sectional study conducted early in the pandemic found that 28.3% of the general population reported clinically significant anxiety levels [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, COVID-19 has considerable psychological effects on patients and the general public as a whole [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. A Swedish cross-sectional study conducted early in the pandemic found that 28.3% of the general population reported clinically significant anxiety levels [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence Estimates and Risk Factors of Anxiety among Healthcare Workers in Jordan over One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Yassin

Al-Mistarehi

El‐Salem

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This study investigates the changes in prevalence estimates, severity, and risk factors of anxiety among healthcare workers (HCWs) over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey was distributed among HCWs using snowball sampling, collecting their socio-demographics, occupation, and anxiety symptoms as measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. It was distributed one month after the pandemic’s onset in Jordan between 15 and 30 April 2020 (onset group) and after one year between 15 and 30 March 2021 (one-year group). A total of 422 HCWs were included (211 in each group). The one-year group reported a higher risk of GAD (30.8% vs. 16.6%; p = 0.001), a higher mean (SD) GAD-7 score (7.94 (5.29) vs. 6.15 (4.15); p < 0.001), and more severe symptoms (p = 0.003). Univariate analyses showed that participants who were younger, women, unmarried, had lower monthly incomes, underwent testing for COVID-19, had higher contact with COVID-19 patients, did not receive special education, and were unsatisfied with the institutional COVID-19 preparedness scored higher on the GAD-7 scale and had more severe symptoms than their counterparts in both groups. Unlike the onset group, occupation as a physician, COVID-19 infection history, and perception of remarkable changes in work were associated with higher anxiety scores and severity among the one-year group. The COVID-19 vaccine was a relative protective action. Logistic regression analyses showed that the female gender was a risk factor for developing GAD at the pandemic onset, while poor satisfaction with institutional preparedness was a significant GAD risk factor in the one-year group. Low monthly income and lack of special education were the shared risk factors for GAD in both groups. This study reveals a significant rise in anxiety among HCWs over a year of the COVID-19 pandemic and shows the vulnerable sub-groups who likely need psychological interventions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence Estimates and Risk Factors of Anxiety among Healthcare Workers in Jordan over One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Yassin

Al-Mistarehi

El‐Salem

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…We found mild to moderate correlations between economic difficulties and the studied mental health outcomes, in contrast to earlier results from Sweden by Rondung, Leiler, Meurling and Bjärtå (2021).…”

Section: Other Considerations and Future Perspectivescontrasting

confidence: 99%

Mental health indicators in Sweden over a 12-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic

Lovik

González-Hijón

Kähler

et al. 2021

Preprint

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BackgroundThe ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the lives of people globally and is expected to have profound effects on mental health. Yet, self-reported large-scale online surveys on mental health are still relatively uncommon. Here we aim to describe the mental health burden experienced in Sweden using baseline data of the Omtanke2020 Study.MethodSelf-reported baseline data collected over a 12-month period (June 9, 2020-June 8, 2021) from the longitudinal online survey of the Omtanke2020 Study including 27,950 adults in Sweden. Participants were volunteers or actively recruited through existing cohorts and after providing informed consent responded to monthly online questionnaires on socio-demographics, mental and physical health, COVID-19 infection, and impact. Poisson regression was fitted to assess the relative risk of high mental health burden (depression, anxiety, and COVID-19 specific PTSD).ResultThe overall proportion of persons with high level of symptoms was 15.6%, 9.5% and 24.5% for depression, anxiety, and COVID-19 specific PTSD, respectively. Overall, 43.4% of the participants had significant, clinically relevant symptoms for at least one mental health outcome and 7.3% had significant symptoms for all three outcomes. We also observed differences in the prevalence of these symptoms across strata of sex, age, recruitment type, COVID-19 status, region, and seasonality.ConclusionWhile the proportion of persons with high mental health burden remains higher than in pre-pandemic publications, our estimates are lower than previously reported levels of depression, anxiety, and PTSD during the pandemic in Sweden and elsewhere.

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Early maladaptive schemas and COVID‐19 anxiety: The mediational role of mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness

Faustino

Vasco

Delgado

et al. 2022

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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Background Early maladaptive schemas (EMS), as lifelong psychological structures, tend to be associated with psychopathological symptomatology. Previous research has suggested that schemas act as psychological vulnerabilities to stressful life situations, such as the present worldwide COVID‐19 pandemic. In this context, anxiety and psychological distress have been documented as two of the main psychological symptoms associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, the associations between specific EMS and COVID‐19 anxiety remain unexplored. Therefore, this study aims to explore the relationships between EMS, COVID‐19 anxiety as well as other mental health variables such as psychological well‐being, distress and life satisfaction. Methods In a cross‐sectional design, 249 individuals (M = 34.2, SD = 12.0) completed several self‐report measures. Results EMS from different schematic domains were positively associated with COVID‐19 anxiety and psychological distress and negatively associated with psychological well‐being and life satisfaction. An EMS hierarchical regression model predicted COVID‐19 anxiety. Mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness mediated the relationships between COVID‐19 anxiety, psychological distress and life satisfaction. Conclusions According to these results, mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness can act as underlying variables for the decrease in mental health associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic.

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Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety During the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sweden

Cited by 28 publications

References 33 publications

Prevalence Estimates and Risk Factors of Anxiety among Healthcare Workers in Jordan over One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Prevalence Estimates and Risk Factors of Anxiety among Healthcare Workers in Jordan over One Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Mental health indicators in Sweden over a 12-month period during the COVID-19 pandemic

Early maladaptive schemas and COVID‐19 anxiety: The mediational role of mistrustfulness and vulnerability to harm and illness

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