Symptoms of behavioural anapyrexia – Reverse fever as a defence response of snails to fluke invasion

Żbikowska, Elżbieta; Cichy, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2011.12.006

Cited by 20 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In contrast to the well‐documented phenomenon of behavioural fever (Watson 1993; Adamo 1998; Elliot, Blanford & Thomas 2002; Hunt et al . 2011), but consistent with other cases of behavioural anapyrexia (Müller & Schmid‐Hempel 1993; Zbikowska & Cichy 2012), we find that D. melanogaster infected with the fungus M. robertsii preferred colder temperatures compared with uninfected control animals. This switch in temperature preference bestows long‐term fitness benefits for the host, thus implying behavioural anapyrexia is host driven.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…2011), cold‐seeking (behavioural anapyrexia (Müller & Schmid‐Hempel 1993; Zbikowska & Cichy 2012)) and sometimes both behaviours (Anderson, Blanford & Thomas 2013). However, these studies have largely focussed on the survival and immune function of infected hosts paying little attention to host reproductive fitness in general, particularly the comparative fitness of non‐infected control animals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cold‐seeking behaviour mitigates reproductive losses from fungal infection in Drosophila

Hunt

Zhong

McClure

et al. 2015

Journal of Animal Ecology

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Summary Animals must tailor their life‐history strategies to suit the prevailing conditions and respond to hazards in the environment. Animals with lethal infections are faced with a difficult choice: to allocate more resources to reproduction and suffer higher mortality or to reduce reproduction with the expectation of enhanced immunity and late‐age reproduction. However, the strategies employed to mediate shifts in life‐history traits are largely unknown.Here, we investigate the temperature preference of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, during infection with the fungal pathogen, Metarhizium robertsii, and the consequence of temperature preference on life‐history traits.We have measured the temperature preference of fruit flies under different pathogen conditions. We conducted multiple fitness assays of the host and the pathogen under different thermal conditions. From these data, we estimated standard measures of fitness and used age‐specific methodologies to test for the fitness trade‐offs that are thought to underlie differences in life‐history strategy.We found that fungus‐infected fruit flies seek out cooler temperatures, which facilitates an adaptive shift in their life‐history strategy. The colder temperatures preferred by infected animals were detrimental to the pathogen because it increased resistance to infection. But, it did not provide net benefits that were specific to infected animals, as cooler temperatures increased lifetime reproductive success and survival whether or not the animals were infected. Instead, we find that cold‐seeking benefits infected animals by increasing their late‐age reproductive output, at a cost to their early‐age reproductive output. In contrast, naive control flies prefer warmer temperatures that optimize early‐age reproductive, at a cost to reproductive output at late ages.These findings show that infected animals exhibit fundamentally different reproductive strategies than their healthy counterparts. Temperature preference can facilitate shifts in strategy, but not without inevitable trade‐offs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold‐seeking behaviour mitigates reproductive losses from fungal infection in Drosophila

Hunt

Zhong

McClure

et al. 2015

Journal of Animal Ecology

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“…As an example, 90% of L. stagnalis snails infected experimentally with a single miracidium of T. ocellata (North American isolate) were alive at 28 weeks of age (three infected snails were alive for 19 months), whereas all uninfected snails were dead (168). In contrast, L. stagnalis or Planorbarius corneus snails naturally infected with T. szidati or Bilharziella polonica, respectively, lived a shorter time, on average, than the corresponding uninfected individuals (169,170).…”

Section: Molluscan and Avian Host Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infected snails change their thermal microhabitat selection, e.g., Lymnaea stagnalis infected with T. szidati prefers a colder water temperature than that preferred by uninfected snails (19.97°C versus 25°C). This may be an adaptation for either the snail or the schistosome, because at these temperatures larval development is slower and the rate of cercarial emission is lower, leading to less tissue damage in the snail (169,170).…”

Section: Global Warming and Eutrophicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Cercarial dermatitis (swimmer's itch) is a condition caused by infective larvae (cercariae) of a species-rich group of mammalian and avian schistosomes. Over the last decade, it has been reported in areas that previously had few or no cases of dermatitis and is thus considered an emerging disease. It is obvious that avian schistosomes are responsible for the majority of reported dermatitis outbreaks around the world, and thus they are the primary focus of this review. Although they infect humans, they do not mature and usually die in the skin. Experimental infections of avian schistosomes in mice show that in previously exposed hosts, there is a strong skin immune reaction that kills the schistosome. However, penetration of larvae into naive mice can result in temporary migration from the skin. This is of particular interest because the worms are able to migrate to different organs, for example, the lungs in the case of visceral schistosomes and the central nervous system in the case of nasal schistosomes. The risk of such migration and accompanying disorders needs to be clarified for humans and animals of interest (e.g., dogs). Herein we compiled the most comprehensive review of the diversity, immunology, and epidemiology of avian schistosomes causing cercarial dermatitis.

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“…Lefcort and Bayne (1991), on the other hand, have reported a decrease in body temperature of B. glabrata exposed to Schistosoma mansoni and proposed that the movement of snails to lower temperatures is an evolutionary strategy of snails to lessen the impact of parasitism. In support of this hypothesis we have demonstrated that Lymnaea stagnalis infected with parasitic organisms selected a microhabitat with a lower temperature than that of the non-infected controls ( _ Zbikowska, 2004( _ Zbikowska, , 2005( _ Zbikowska, , 2011_ Zbikowska and Cichy, 2012). The lowering of body temperature in response to an infection has been also described in endothermic animals and termed anapyrexia, and the response is regarded as beneficial under certain conditions (Kozak, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Thermal preferences of wintering snails Planorbarius corneus (L.) exposed to lipopolysaccharide and zymosan

Żbikowska

Wrotek

Cichy

et al. 2013

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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Symptoms of behavioural anapyrexia – Reverse fever as a defence response of snails to fluke invasion

Cited by 20 publications

References 40 publications

Cold‐seeking behaviour mitigates reproductive losses from fungal infection in Drosophila

Cold‐seeking behaviour mitigates reproductive losses from fungal infection in Drosophila

Avian Schistosomes and Outbreaks of Cercarial Dermatitis

Thermal preferences of wintering snails Planorbarius corneus (L.) exposed to lipopolysaccharide and zymosan

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