Symmetry of priapulids (Priapulida). 1. Symmetry of adults

Hatching and earliest larval stages of the priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus

“…10E). Such a transformation seems unlikely, but has also been described by Higgins et al (1993). Despite this, our data in principle support the earlier reported tooth pattern of (8‐9‐8) n for P. caudatus (Higgins et al 1993; Adrianov & Malakhov 1996, 2001a,b; Lemburg 1999).…”

Hatching and earliest larval stages of the priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus

“…10E). Such a transformation seems unlikely, but has also been described by Higgins et al (1993). Despite this, our data in principle support the earlier reported tooth pattern of (8‐9‐8) n for P. caudatus (Higgins et al 1993; Adrianov & Malakhov 1996, 2001a,b; Lemburg 1999).…”

Introvert and pharynx ofMafangscolex, a Cambrian palaeoscolecid

“…Indeed, we believe that a sixth row of sclerites is faintly visible in the lateral margins of the described structure. Rather than a pharynx, we also speculate that the organ described is an introvert: all other occurrences of sclerites in longitudinal rows occur on introverts, whereas pharyngeal teeth are quincuncially disposed (van der Land, 1970;Conway Morris, 1977;Adrianov & Malakhov, 2001).…”

“…In contrast, five-fold introvert symmetry characterizes a rarefied subset of Ecdysozoa comprising the kinorhynchs (Sørensen et al 2008) and most fossil and modern priapulans (Adrianov & Malakhov, 2001;Huang et al 2004;Dong et al 2010;Kesidis et al 2019). Whether or not this pentaradial pattern is derived, it militates against the close grouping of palaeoscolecids with priapulans.…”

Review of the Priapulida of New Zealand with the description of a new species

“…So far the most certain New Zealand priapulid species is Priapulopsis australis (De Guerne 1886), a species described by De Guerne (1886) from South America (for more records and locations see Murina and Starobogatov 1961; Van der Land 1970). From New Zealand this species was reported by Hurley (1962) from Hawke Bay at 53–58.5 m depth, by Estcourt (1967) from Marlborough Sounds, by Storch et al (1995) from Pauatahanui Inlet near Wellington at 3 m depth and by Adrianov and Malakhov (2001a, 2001b) from Bay of Plenty (North Island) at unknown depths. Van der Land (2010) investigated specimens from the NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) collection (Auckland, New Zealand), concluding that all specimens were P. australis , being collected at a depth range of 2–1,190 m. He also mentioned a new record of one specimen from 38°S, 178° W at 1,195 m depth.…”

Hatching and earliest larval stages of the priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus

“…10E). Such a transformation seems unlikely, but has also been described by Higgins et al (1993). Despite this, our data in principle support the earlier reported tooth pattern of (8‐9‐8) n for P. caudatus (Higgins et al 1993; Adrianov & Malakhov 1996, 2001a,b; Lemburg 1999).…”

Introvert and pharynx ofMafangscolex, a Cambrian palaeoscolecid

“…Indeed, we believe that a sixth row of sclerites is faintly visible in the lateral margins of the described structure. Rather than a pharynx, we also speculate that the organ described is an introvert: all other occurrences of sclerites in longitudinal rows occur on introverts, whereas pharyngeal teeth are quincuncially disposed (van der Land, 1970;Conway Morris, 1977;Adrianov & Malakhov, 2001).…”

“…In contrast, five-fold introvert symmetry characterizes a rarefied subset of Ecdysozoa comprising the kinorhynchs (Sørensen et al 2008) and most fossil and modern priapulans (Adrianov & Malakhov, 2001;Huang et al 2004;Dong et al 2010;Kesidis et al 2019). Whether or not this pentaradial pattern is derived, it militates against the close grouping of palaeoscolecids with priapulans.…”

Review of the Priapulida of New Zealand with the description of a new species

“…So far the most certain New Zealand priapulid species is Priapulopsis australis (De Guerne 1886), a species described by De Guerne (1886) from South America (for more records and locations see Murina and Starobogatov 1961; Van der Land 1970). From New Zealand this species was reported by Hurley (1962) from Hawke Bay at 53–58.5 m depth, by Estcourt (1967) from Marlborough Sounds, by Storch et al (1995) from Pauatahanui Inlet near Wellington at 3 m depth and by Adrianov and Malakhov (2001a, 2001b) from Bay of Plenty (North Island) at unknown depths. Van der Land (2010) investigated specimens from the NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) collection (Auckland, New Zealand), concluding that all specimens were P. australis , being collected at a depth range of 2–1,190 m. He also mentioned a new record of one specimen from 38°S, 178° W at 1,195 m depth.…”

Hatching and earliest larval stages of the priapulid worm Priapulus caudatus

“…10E). Such a transformation seems unlikely, but has also been described by Higgins et al (1993). Despite this, our data in principle support the earlier reported tooth pattern of (8‐9‐8) n for P. caudatus (Higgins et al 1993; Adrianov & Malakhov 1996, 2001a,b; Lemburg 1999).…”

Introvert and pharynx ofMafangscolex, a Cambrian palaeoscolecid

“…Indeed, we believe that a sixth row of sclerites is faintly visible in the lateral margins of the described structure. Rather than a pharynx, we also speculate that the organ described is an introvert: all other occurrences of sclerites in longitudinal rows occur on introverts, whereas pharyngeal teeth are quincuncially disposed (van der Land, 1970;Conway Morris, 1977;Adrianov & Malakhov, 2001).…”

“…In contrast, five-fold introvert symmetry characterizes a rarefied subset of Ecdysozoa comprising the kinorhynchs (Sørensen et al 2008) and most fossil and modern priapulans (Adrianov & Malakhov, 2001;Huang et al 2004;Dong et al 2010;Kesidis et al 2019). Whether or not this pentaradial pattern is derived, it militates against the close grouping of palaeoscolecids with priapulans.…”

Review of the Priapulida of New Zealand with the description of a new species

“…So far the most certain New Zealand priapulid species is Priapulopsis australis (De Guerne 1886), a species described by De Guerne (1886) from South America (for more records and locations see Murina and Starobogatov 1961; Van der Land 1970). From New Zealand this species was reported by Hurley (1962) from Hawke Bay at 53–58.5 m depth, by Estcourt (1967) from Marlborough Sounds, by Storch et al (1995) from Pauatahanui Inlet near Wellington at 3 m depth and by Adrianov and Malakhov (2001a, 2001b) from Bay of Plenty (North Island) at unknown depths. Van der Land (2010) investigated specimens from the NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research) collection (Auckland, New Zealand), concluding that all specimens were P. australis , being collected at a depth range of 2–1,190 m. He also mentioned a new record of one specimen from 38°S, 178° W at 1,195 m depth.…”