Swine as a Principal Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus That Infects Humans in Eastern China

Abstract

Genotype IV HEV is freely transmitted between humans and swine. Because the size of the swine population and its viral burden are much larger than those of humans, transmission of the virus most likely is directed from swine to humans. Infection can be acquired through contact with swine and their waste.

Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Animals and Humans in Xinjiang, China: Possibility of Swine to Human Transmission of Sporadic Hepatitis E in an Endemic Area

“…Among them, HEV genotype 1 had once caused a large-scale epidemic in southern Xinjiang (1986)(1987)(1988), and its causative strains were successively isolated from most parts of China from 1989 to 2003. [4][5][6][7] HEV genotype 3, considered as an imported genotype, has been found in eastern China since 2006. 8 HEV genotype 4, which circulates both in humans and animals, has become the dominant genotype instead of genotype 1 since 2004.…”

“…8 HEV genotype 4, which circulates both in humans and animals, has become the dominant genotype instead of genotype 1 since 2004. 7 Since the first swine HEV strain was isolated in 1997 by Meng,9 it has been documented by more and more studies that swine is the largest viral reservoir of HEV and that hepatitis E is a zoonosis. [10][11][12] However, in India (an HEV-endemic area), human HEV belonged to genotype 1, whereas swine HEV was restricted to genotype 4.…”

Hepatitis E virus infection results in acute graft failure after liver transplantation: a case report

“…In China, genotype 1, 3 and 4 were mostly observed, especially genotype 4, which seemed to become the dominant genotype instead of genotype 1, since 2004 [10].…”

Hépatite E

“…L'ARN de 7,2 kilobases, coiffé en 5' (7 méthyl guanine) et polyadénylé en 3', comporte trois phases ouvertes de lectures : ORF1, ORF2 et ORF3 (Figure 1). Quatre génotypes (1)(2)(3)(4) Les grandes épidémies se caractérisent par le nombre spectaculaire de sujets infectés (29 000 cas ictériques pour la première épidémie décrite en Inde en 1955). La contamination résulte de l'ingestion d'eau ou d'aliments souillés.…”

“…Chez les souris Celsr3|Foxg1, Celsr3 est inactivé dans le télencéphale mais pas dans le thalamus dorsal. Pourtant, toutes les composantes de la CI sont entièrement défectueuses ( Figure 1B [4]. Comme Celsr1 et Celsr2, Celsr3 est une cadhérine à sept segments transmembranaires, exprimée durant le développement du cerveau par les neurones post-mitotiques.…”