Swelling-enhanced catalytic degradation of brominated epoxy resin in waste printed circuit boards by subcritical acetic acid under mild conditions

Ming, Xing; Yu, Li; Zhao, Li‐Dong; Song, Xiaoyan; Fu, Zegang; Du, Yun; Huang, Xingyu

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.011

Cited by 31 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…To minimize the environmental problems as well as the harmfulness and toxicity of hazardous and concentrated chemicals, much research is focused on the use of subcritical or supercritical water and alcohol as a substitute for these chemicals. Some possibilities for matrix decomposition include depolymerization or alkaline digestion, in which benzyl alcohol and tripotassium phosphate are used; acid digestion, using acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to remove the epoxy resin; and sub- (low pressure and temperature) and supercritical (high pressure and temperature) fluids, employing water, ethanol, methanol, propanol or potassium hydroxide [ 49 , 79 , 80 ]. Besides the hazardous nature of the products used, the main disadvantage of chemical recycling is the very high difficulty of bringing these processes to a commercial scale.…”

Section: Chemical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

et al. 2021

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The rapid increase in the application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials represents a challenge to waste recycling. The circular economy approach coupled with the possibility of recovering carbon fibers from CFRP waste with similar properties to virgin carbon fibers at a much lower cost and with lower energy consumption motivate the study of CFRP recycling. Mechanical recycling methods allow the obtention of chopped composite materials, while both thermal and chemical recycling methods aim towards recovering carbon fibers. This review examines the three main recycling methods, their processes, and particularities, as well as the reuse of recycled carbon fibers in the manufacture of new composite materials.

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Section: Chemical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

et al. 2021

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“…Generally, bromides are fixed in the liquid phase when the reaction medium is liquid, where they migrate directly from the solid phase reactants into the liquid phase. , The hydrothermal method is an effective way to remove bromine from circuit boards by effectively destroying the physical structure of the board and the organic bromine polymer and releasing the monomer . The debromination efficiency increases with increasing temperature, and most of the bromine is retained in the water .…”

Section: Status Of Resource Recovery Of Bromides and Further Research...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current rate of e-waste generation worldwide is 53.6 million tons per year, which is predicted to more than quadruple by 2050. , As a fundamental component of electronic devices, waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) account for 3–5% of the total mass of the electronic waste . By 2035, WPCBs are expected to generate 5.683 million tons of resin waste, 2.311 million tons of copper, and 333.5 tons of gold. , However, WPCBs contain not only a large amount of precious metal but also 5–20% BFRs. ,− Therefore, WPCBs are considered to be both an attractive resource and a hazardous pollutant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Debromination with Bromine Recovery from Pyrolysis of Waste Printed Circuit Boards Offers Economic and Environmental Benefits

Liu

Zhan

2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Bromine is an important resource that is widely used in medical, automotive, and electronic industries. Waste electronic products containing brominated flame retardants can cause serious secondary pollution, which is why catalytic cracking, adsorption, fixation, separation, and purification have gained significant attention. However, the bromine resources have not been effectively reutilized. The application of advanced pyrolysis technology could help solve this problem via converting bromine pollution into bromine resources. Coupled debromination and bromide reutilization during pyrolysis is an important field of research in the future. This prospective paper presents new insights in terms of the reorganization of different elements and adjustment of bromine phase transition. Furthermore, we proposed some research directions for efficient and environmentally friendly debromination and reutilization of bromine: 1) precise synergistic pyrolysis should be further explored for efficient debromination, such as using persistent free radicals in biomass, polymer hydrogen supply, and metal catalysis, 2) rematching of Br elements and nonmetal elements (C/H/O) will be a promising direction for synthesizing functionalized adsorption materials, 3) oriented control of the bromide migration path should be further studied to obtain different forms of bromine resources, and 4) advanced pyrolysis equipment should be well developed.

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“…Some epoxy resins contain large amount of bromine containing flame retardant that are known to be polluting and hard to recycle. Xing et al [68] present a new process based on the use of subcritical acetic acid (220-260 • C, 2.6-3.6 MPa) to decompose brominated epoxy resins. After a one-hour reaction time using acetic acid of 49.90% mass concentration under a pressure of 2.6 MPa, most bromine was transformed into HBr and extracted in the aqueous phase.…”

Section: Hydrothermal and Supercritical Fluids (Scf) Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dismantling of Printed Circuit Boards Enabling Electronic Components Sorting and Their Subsequent Treatment Open Improved Elemental Sustainability Opportunities

et al. 2021

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This critical review focuses on advanced recycling strategies to enable or increase recovery of chemical elements present in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). Conventional recycling involves manual removal of high value electronic components (ECs), followed by raw crushing of WPCBs, to recover main elements (by weight or value). All other elements remain unrecovered and end up highly diluted in post-processing wastes or ashes. To retrieve these elements, it is necessary to enrich the waste streams, which requires a change of paradigm in WPCB treatment: the disassembly of WPCBs combined with the sorting of ECs. This allows ECs to be separated by composition and to drastically increase chemical element concentration, thus making their recovery economically viable. In this report, we critically review state-of-the-art processes that dismantle and sort ECs, including some unpublished foresight from our laboratory work, which could be implemented in a recycling plant. We then identify research, business opportunities and associated advanced retrieval methods for those elements that can therefore be recovered, such as refractory metals (Ta, Nb, W, Mo), gallium, or lanthanides, or those, such as the platinum group elements, that can be recovered in a more environmentally friendly way than pyrometallurgy. The recovery methods can be directly tuned and adapted to the corresponding stream.

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Swelling-enhanced catalytic degradation of brominated epoxy resin in waste printed circuit boards by subcritical acetic acid under mild conditions

Cited by 31 publications

References 42 publications

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

Debromination with Bromine Recovery from Pyrolysis of Waste Printed Circuit Boards Offers Economic and Environmental Benefits

Dismantling of Printed Circuit Boards Enabling Electronic Components Sorting and Their Subsequent Treatment Open Improved Elemental Sustainability Opportunities

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