Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

Butenegro, José Antonio; Bahrami, Mohsen; Abenójar, J.; Martı́nez, Miguel Ángel

doi:10.3390/ma14216401

Cited by 55 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 98 publications

(105 reference statements)

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“…As for the mechanical properties of heat-treated fibers, they retain 90-95% of the initial ones at optimized conditions of pyrolysis and oxidation [25]. Based on the literature data and preliminary experiments (Figure 4), it is shown that annealing in the air, in contrast to pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere, provides the separation of fibers with a clean surface.…”

Section: -2-pyrolysis or Calcination?mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Depending on the atmosphere and duration [12], PCM waste pyrolysis at 400-600°C preserves the tensile strength of fibers from 50 to 95% of the initial one. However, the surface of fibers is often covered with residual pyrocarbon and requires additional calcination in air at the same temperature [25,45]. However, the surface of the fibers is often covered with pyrocarbon residues and requires additional calcination in air at the same temperature [25,45].…”

Section: -2-pyrolysis or Calcination?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the surface of fibers is often covered with residual pyrocarbon and requires additional calcination in air at the same temperature [25,45]. However, the surface of the fibers is often covered with pyrocarbon residues and requires additional calcination in air at the same temperature [25,45]. According to Matsuda et al, oxidation in air at 450°C provides separation of epoxy resin and undamaged CFs [47].…”

Section: -2-pyrolysis or Calcination?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the literature data, glass fibers recovered by fluidized-bed pyrolysis at 450 and 550°C [52] showed a tensile strength reduced by 50% and 80%, respectively. Carbon fibers are less sensitive to temperature: above 600 ºC, the tensile strength of some pyrolysis-recovered CFs was reduced by over 30%, and the others were heat-resistant [25]. However, the parameters of the described ground fibers could not be measured due to their short length.…”

Section: -4-reinforcement With the Recovered Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During mechanical crushing of PCM waste, their interaction with new matrices (ethylene, copolymer of polypropylene, methacrylic acid, acrylic-butadiene styrene, polystyrene foam) is insufficient [25], resulting in a reduction in ultimate tensile strength by 65%, in bending strengthby 85%. The primary mechanism of their destruction is the pull-out of fibers from the matrix.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Thermal Regeneration and Reuse of Carbon and Glass Fibers from Waste Composites

et al. 2022

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This article aims to develop a method for regenerating and reusing carbon and glass fibers extracted from unrecyclable scraps of carbon plastics, printer parts, and laminating coating. A comparison of known methods of fiber regeneration revealed the advantages of thermal treatment: absence of costs of reagents and complex equipment; better preservation of composition; and strength of fibers. Based on the results of thermographic analysis of wastes in nitrogen and air, the destruction temperatures of their organic matrices were determined (200-460°С), and the use of calcination instead of pyrolysis was justified. The appearance and surface quality of the regenerated fibers are characterized by optical and electron microscopy. It has been established that quantitative extraction of pure carbon and glass fibers from waste crushed to 1 cm is efficient by their calcination at 700 °C for 0.5 h and 500 °C for 1 h, respectively. The principle of creating new composites with the obtained fibers based on the similarity of their composition and binding materials (matrices) has been proposed. It was shown that the introduction of 1 wt% of fibers into slag blocks and active carbon pellets considerably increases their compressive strength, but the bending strength does not change due to dispersed reinforcement. Possible improvement of mechanical properties of products requires reagent treatment of the fiber surface or the introduction of binder additives. Calculations show that the developed method of recycling composite waste can produce 2.3 tons/hour of reinforced building materials that are good for the environment and the economy, excluding expenses for landfill waste disposal and reducing the cost of the product by replacing the primary fiber for the secondary one. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-05-04 Full Text: PDF

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Section: -2-pyrolysis or Calcination?mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: -2-pyrolysis or Calcination?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -2-pyrolysis or Calcination?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: -4-reinforcement With the Recovered Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Regeneration and Reuse of Carbon and Glass Fibers from Waste Composites

et al. 2022

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Grundlagenuntersuchungen zum Einfluss verschiedener Zerkleinerungsparameter auf die spezifische Zerkleinerungsarbeit von kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen

Niebel,

Krampitz,

Lieberwirth

et al. 2024

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

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Bei kohlenstofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff (CFK) handelt es sich um einen zunehmend eingesetzten Leichtbauwerkstoff mit begrenzter Recyclingfähigkeit. Da die Zerkleinerung von Abfällen einen unvermeidbaren Schritt jeder Recyclingprozesskette für CFK darstellt, werden in diesem Artikel konstruktive, betriebsbedingte und stoffliche Einflussgrößen des Zerkleinerungsprozesses untersucht. Dafür werden an einem Pendelschlagwerk die Beanspruchungsarbeit, die Reibungsverluste sowie die auftretenden Kräfte ermittelt. Die Materialeigenschaften und die Beanspruchungsart haben einen signifikanten Effekt auf das Zerkleinerungsverhalten von CFK. Aus den Ergebnissen können materialspezifisch konstruktive Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der zur Zerkleinerung benötigten Energie abgeleitet werden.

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Mechanical Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites by Surface‐Modified Nanocellulose

Kim

Huh

Yoo

2023

Macro Chemistry & Physics

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Utilization of biodegradable nanofillers is an emerging approach for the sustainable development of polymer composites. Among numerous green nanofillers, nanocellulose has garnered significant attention because of its abundance, high mechanical strength, and reinforcing capability. However, the intrinsic hydrophilicity of nanocellulose often restricts its homogeneous dispersion in the hydrophobic polymer matrix, resulting in a poor reinforcement effect. In this study, a simple surface modification of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) using small hydrophobic molecules is presented. Hydrophobic-modified CNFs have better solubility in organic solvents and exhibit homogeneous dispersion in a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. The molecular interaction between CNFs and the hard/soft segments (HS/SS) of TPU induces surface-mediated crystallization with improved microphase separation of SS and HS. By bridging multiple HS and SS microdomains, hydrophobic-modified CNFs improve the tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the polymer nanocomposites. On the other hand, unmodified CNFs are strongly aggregated in the TPU matrix, which restricts the mechanical reinforcement. These results demonstrate that surface modification of nanocelluloses can engineer their dispersion state and interfacial interaction with matrix polymers, which are crucial for the mechanical reinforcement of polymer nanocomposites.

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Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers

Cited by 55 publications

References 98 publications

Thermal Regeneration and Reuse of Carbon and Glass Fibers from Waste Composites

Thermal Regeneration and Reuse of Carbon and Glass Fibers from Waste Composites

Grundlagenuntersuchungen zum Einfluss verschiedener Zerkleinerungsparameter auf die spezifische Zerkleinerungsarbeit von kohlenstofffaserverstärkten Kunststoffen

Mechanical Reinforcement of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites by Surface‐Modified Nanocellulose

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