Sustainable Primary Aluminium Production: Technology Status and Future Opportunities

Gupta, Amit; Basu, Biswajit

doi:10.1007/s12666-019-01699-9

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In a second step, alumina is converted into aluminum metal by an electrolytic procedure (Hall-Héroult process). 1,2 The worldwide production of primary aluminum has passed from 2 t/year to 60•10 6 t/year in the last century. By 2020, aluminum demand is expected to be over 97 •10 6 t/year.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, despite the great importance of aluminum, its production process is highly expensive and involves a high environmental impact. 1 The cost of the global process for primary aluminum manufacture is estimated to be 2040 €/t because of the high-energy demand that is mainly required in the transformation of alumina to metal. In recent years, the energy consumption for primary aluminum manufacture has been substantially reduced owing to both technological advances and the use of renewable hydroelectric energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, bauxite transforms into alumina by means of several treatments of milling, digestion, dissolution, filtering, refrigeration, precipitation, and drying (Bayer process). In a second step, alumina is converted into aluminum metal by an electrolytic procedure (Hall‐Héroult process) 1,2 . The worldwide production of primary aluminum has passed from 2 t/year to 60·10 6 t/year in the last century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By 2020, aluminum demand is expected to be over 97·10 6 t/year. However, despite the great importance of aluminum, its production process is highly expensive and involves a high environmental impact 1 . The cost of the global process for primary aluminum manufacture is estimated to be 2040 €/t because of the high‐energy demand that is mainly required in the transformation of alumina to metal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorization of Al slag in the production of green ceramic tiles: Effect of experimental conditions on microstructure and crystalline phase composition

et al. 2020

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This work reports the results of an investigation aimed at the development of sintered glass-ceramic tiles by the sinter-crystallization of mixtures composed of aluminum slag and reclaimed packaging glass. The thermal behaviors of mixtures incorporating 50 and 60 wt% Al slag were established by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Green compacts were sintered in a temperature range of 800°C-1050°C and then soaked for 10-60 minutes. The mineralogical characterizations of the sintered materials were obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The achieved results indicated that the sintering of aluminum slag and packaging glass reclaimed led to a glass-ceramic material composed mainly of needle-like crystals of wollastonite (CaSiO 3). The bloating of samples during firing was evaluated according to a Cougny predictive diagram. After initial observations and according to bending strength characterizations, sintered tiles prepared from aluminum slag and glassy sand are appropriate for floor pavement and wall covering.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Valorization of Al slag in the production of green ceramic tiles: Effect of experimental conditions on microstructure and crystalline phase composition

et al. 2020

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“…Several publications discussed the ELYSIS technology [57] for aluminium production with vertical inert anodes and wettable cathodes. It was jointly announced by ALCOA, RTA and Apple to be commercialized in 2024.…”

Section: Alternative Inert Anodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An update on inert anodes for aluminium electrolysis

Yasinskiy¹,

Padamata²,

Polyakov³

et al. 2020

nfm

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This update includes the literature related to the inert anodes which were published in the past decade. The metallic anodes are widely regarded as promising candidates to replace the carbon anodes due to its attractive properties like good electrical conductivity, easy to manufacture and high resistance to high thermal shocks. The metals have been tested in pure state and alloy (binary, ternary) form. The oxide scale formed on the anode surface acts as a barrier between the electrolyte and the anode which protects the anode from being dissolved. The layer of molten fluorides is formed between the scale and the metal anode after a certain time of polarization and the oxide scale acts as a bipolar electrode. Metal like Cu is reduced at the internal side of the scale. This paper elaborates the effects of various parameters on the performance of the anode. Cu-based alloys (Cu -Ni-Fe and Cu-Al) have shown promising results and could perform well in low-temperature electrolytes. It has been well established that the Cu content in Cu-Ni-Fe and Cu-Al alloys plays a major role in the metal dissolution as the CuO/Cu2O scales formed on the outer layer act as a sacrificial one. The corrosion rate of an anode can be reduced by decreasing the operating temperature which is possible by using the KF-AlF3 melts. The use of suspensions can increase the purity of the produced metal by stopping the anode products to come in contact with cathode metal.Many industries including RUSAL and ELYSIS are still conducting a considerable amount of research to develop an inert anode and are expecting to have a carbon-free cell in the nearest future.

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Electrochemical Behaviour of Cu-Al Oxygen-Evolving Anodes in Low-Temperature Fluoride Melts and Suspensions

Yasinskiy

Padamata

Polyakov

et al. 2020

The Minerals, Metals &Amp; Materials Series

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Sustainable Primary Aluminium Production: Technology Status and Future Opportunities

Cited by 45 publications

References 26 publications

Valorization of Al slag in the production of green ceramic tiles: Effect of experimental conditions on microstructure and crystalline phase composition

Valorization of Al slag in the production of green ceramic tiles: Effect of experimental conditions on microstructure and crystalline phase composition

An update on inert anodes for aluminium electrolysis

Electrochemical Behaviour of Cu-Al Oxygen-Evolving Anodes in Low-Temperature Fluoride Melts and Suspensions

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