Sustainability of arsenic mitigation interventions—an evaluation of different alternative safe drinking water options provided in Matlab, an arsenic hot spot in Bangladesh

Abstract

The wide spread occurrence of geogenic arsenic in Bangladesh groundwater drastically reduced the safe water access across the country. Since its discovery in 1993, different mitigation options tested at household and community scale have resulted in limited success. The main challenge is to develop a simple, cost-effective, and socially acceptable option which the users can install, operate and maintain by themselves. In an arsenic hotspot of southeastern Bangladesh, 841 arsenic removal filter (ARF), 190 surface water filter membrane, 23 pond sand filter (PSF), 147 rain water harvester (RWH) and 59 As-safe tubewell were distributed among the severely exposed population by AsMat, a Sida supported project. After 3-4 years of providing these safe water options, this study was carried out during 2009-2010 for performance analysis of these options, in terms of technical viability and effectiveness and thus to evaluate the preference of different options to the end users. Household and community based surveys were done to make an assessment of the current water use pattern as impact of the distributed options, overall condition of the options provided and to identify the reasons why these options are in use and/or abandoned. In total, 284 households were surveyed and information was collected for 23 PSF, 147 RWH, and 59 tubewells. None of the filters was found in use. Among other options distributed, 13% of PSF, 40% RWH, and 93% of tubewell were found functioning. In all cases, tubewells were found As-safe. About 89% of households are currently using tubewell water which was 58% before. Filter was abandoned for high cost and complicated maintenance. The use of RWH and PSF was not found user friendly and ensuring year round water quality is a big challenge. Arsenic-safe tubewell was found as a widely accepted option mainly because of its easy operation and availability of water, good water quality and negligible maintenance. This study validated tubewell as the most feasible drinking water supply option and this evaluation holds significance for planning water supply projects, improving mitigation policy as well as developing awareness among users.

Why Do People Remain Attached to Unsafe Drinking Water Options? Quantitative Evidence from Southwestern Bangladesh

“…As a consequence of this, many previously installed PSFs have been abandoned. In a study of arsenic mitigation technologies in southeastern Bangladesh [45], the levels of abandonment of PSFs were found to be 87%. Even though the PSFs score significantly better than STWs for norms (Table 5), PSFs are less easily adopted as an alternative to arsenic-contaminated STWs.…”

Letting Go: Conceptualizing Intervention De‐implementation in Public Health and Social Service Settings

“…In Bangladesh alone approximately 57 million people were exposed to unacceptably high levels of arsenic through tube wells as of 2000 and experienced related complications (Smith, Lingas, & Rahman, 1997). Dismantling and replacing wells has proved difficult due to social and economic factors (Hossain et al, 2015).…”

Correlation of Infectious and Parasitogenic Morbidity at the Children Population with Salt Composition of Drinking Water in the Rural Taxons of Dnipro Region

“…In some years of supervision was found out exceeding of an average annual regional level of morbidity I class of diseases in the following districts: Apostolivskyi (in 1.09-1.14 times The cross-correlation analysis have to find out a possible influence of water factor on an infectious and parasitogenic morbidity among the children population in some rural districts of Dnipro region. In contrast with references for the recent years [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43], we did not found health effects of higher levels of iron, manganese and arsenic in water from shallow tube wells on the children population morbidity, such as: arsenicosis, skin diseases, skin cancers, internal cancers (bladder, kidney, and lung), diabetes, raised blood pressure, and reproductive disorders, children's cognitive [44], behavioral, and neuropsychological health disorders [45]. In our research work the majority of water factors, as well as general regidity, dry remain, chlorides, sulfates, calcium, magnesium, except iron, pH, nitrates, oxidableness were correlated with prevalence of infectious and parasitogenic diseases.…”

“…Arsenic has been detected in the groundwater of 322 upazilas (sub-districts) and 61 districts in Bangladesh [41]. The health effects of prolonged and excessive inorganic arsenic exposure include arsenicosis, skin diseases, skin cancers, internal cancers (bladder, kidney, and lung), diabetes, raised blood pressure, and reproductive disorders [42].…”