Sustainability and membrane processing of wastewater for reuse

Critical, sustainable and threshold fluxes for membrane filtration with water industry applications

“…2 the straight line after 15 min is indicative of cake formation on top of the membrane; the slightly higher slope before that reflects the fact that the initial layers of cells partially blocked the membrane and so had a greater effect per unit mass of yeast cells convected to the membrane surface. The paper mentioned "nominally sub-critical conditions" because as others have noted [14,15] there is perceptible fouling during filtration of liquids such as natural water, even operating under low flux (which might have been considered sub-critical). This encouraged the appearance of the notion of "sustainable flux" [2,15].…”

“…The paper mentioned "nominally sub-critical conditions" because as others have noted [14,15] there is perceptible fouling during filtration of liquids such as natural water, even operating under low flux (which might have been considered sub-critical). This encouraged the appearance of the notion of "sustainable flux" [2,15]. The term "sustainable flux" has been used [16] to describe the flux above which the membrane system will have a sharp increase in fouling as evidenced by a sharp increase in the rate dTMP/dt.…”

Effect of ionic strength and pH on hydraulic properties and structure of accumulating solid assemblages during microfiltration of montmorillonite suspensions

“…The technology of submerged membrane filtration (SMF) is particularly attractive since it can be retro-fitted to existing plants, operates at very low transmembrane pressure (TMP) and is highly efficient for the treatment of surface waters due to low energy consumption and system simplicity [28][29][30]. Nevertheless, membrane fouling continues to be a major problem imposing significant economical and environmental costs associated with the need for cake prevention and/or removal and membrane cleaning [31][32][33].…”

NF-RO Membrane Performance for Treating the Effluent of an Organized Industrial Zone Wastewater Treatment Plant: Effect of Different UF Types

“…Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are one of the best solutions in terms of sustainability for mixed industrial wastewater; however, conducting an MBR in an existing conventional activated sludge (CAS) WWTP is not a good solution if the effluent meets discharge standards since the biological stabilization of the wastewater takes place in CAS treatment [4]. Membrane treatment of the effluent of a WWTP is another option for this type of wastewater.…”