Carcinogenic bromate (BrO3−) can be present in drinking water as a result of its formation from bromide (Br−) during ozonation. A fixed bed column reactor filled with elementel sulfur and limestone was operated for about six months under autotrophic and mixotrophic (autotrophic + heterotrophic) conditions at 30°C. The reactor was operated at the hydraulic retention time (HRT) ranging from 16.5 to 10.1 h at autotrophic conditions. Under mixotrophic conditions, 45 mg/L NO3‐N was removed completely at C/N ratio (mg CH3OH/mg NO3‐N) between 0.55 and 1.66 at HRT of 10.1 h. The average effluent pH was 7.8 and the sulfate concentration was lower than the Environmental Protection Agency limits at the mixotrophic stages. Efficient simultaneous BrO3− and nitrate removal was achieved at feed concentrations of 100–500 µg/L BrO3− and 45 mg/L nitrate under autotrophic and mixotrophic conditions. Effluent Br− measurements indicated that BrO3− was completely reduced without accumulation of by‐products.
Abstract:Reuse of water is necessary in Organized Industrial Zones (OIZ) due to excessive use of groundwater in semi-arid Turkey. Membrane treatment of the OIZ wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents should be explored for new treatment options. In this study, three different UF membranes with variable molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) values (4, 10, and 250 kDa) were used to treat the effluent of an OIZ WWTP at laboratory scale. Six different nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were used for the effluent of UF membranes to evaluate the difference in the membrane filtration performance and the water quality. Effluent electrical conductivity (EC) values of NF membranes were 1.77 ± 0.17, 3.73 ± 0.27, and 4.20 ± 0.23 ms/cm for NF (NF90, NF270, and TM610) membranes, respectively while they were 0.83 ± 0.47, 1.17 ± 0.47, and 1.13 ± 0.57 ms/cm for RO (XLE, AD90, and BW30) membranes, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) images showed severe biofouling in UF 4 kDa and UF 10 kDa membranes whereas UF 250 kDa membrane showed larger metal precipitates and little bacterial fouling. The results indicated that OIZ WWTP effluent could be reused as irrigation water according to Turkish regulations with UF 250 kDa and RO-XLE membranes, effectively.
Organized industrial zone (OIZ) wastewater is a mixed wastewater that is contributed by both municipal use and from different industrial sectors. Since MBR has advantages over conventional treatment plants, membrane types and fouling become the most important parameters in the treatment of this kind of wastewater. In this study, six different membrane types were used to find the most suitable membrane with the least resistivity to fouling. Three different microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were operated to estimate their (i) membrane, (ii) cake, (iii) pore, and (iv) total resistances. The highest total resistance was observed in a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane (3.8 × 10 10 m −1 ), while the lowest one was a UF polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with approximately 20 times lower resistance than the highest one. PVDF membranes showed lower total resistances than PES membranes. An MF or a 250 kDa UF membrane could be operated long-term in a membrane bioreactor with the least fouling potential.
In this study, we discussed how can be the management hierarchy and management process in a university campus. Erciyes University is in the middle of the Anatolia Region that has about 60.000 population. The university has faculty /institutional administrations and hospital-related buildings and research centers. It has an area of about 20 m2 for each person on the campus. The university is responsible in terms of legislative directives that are in operation. The waste directive is published by the university in 2017 that shares the responsibilities and distributes the tasks for each unit on the university campus. In Turkey, zero waste projects and zero waste legislation are also in operation by 2019. The importance of waste management strategy is important for Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) that is published by the United Nations and put in consideration of Times Higher Education (THE) which is one of the most confidential ranking systems for universities. There is also, environmental assessment system for university campuses, the Green-Metric. One of the grading subjects of the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) in Turkey is the zero waste strategy on the campus. Therefore, the operation of a zero-waste strategy gains importance.
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