Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Baltic Sea—New empirical data and models

Håkanson, Lars; Eckhéll, Jan

doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.015

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In addition, there are lower TSM concentrations in the deep open ocean [13], [18]. Therefore, a significant negative correlation was found between water depth and TSM concentration in the coastal areas and open ocean [36], [37]. The difference between large shallow lakes and oceans was partly attributed to the entirety of Lake Taihu suffering sediment resuspension because of its shallow water depth and high dynamic ratio (the square root of the surface area divided by the mean depth), which was as high as 25.6 km m −1 (100% of the lake bottom subject to sediment resuspension) [38], whereas only part of the coastal waters suffered from sediment resuspension in the ocean.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Lake Topography and Wind Waves Determining Seasonal-Spatial Dynamics of Total Suspended Matter in Turbid Lake Taihu, China: Assessment Using Long-Term High-Resolution MERIS Data

et al. 2014

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Multiple comprehensive in situ bio-optical investigations were conducted from 2005 to 2010 and covered a large variability of total suspended matter (TSM) in Lake Taihu to calibrate and validate a TSM concentration estimation model based on Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) data. The estimation model of the TSM concentration in Lake Taihu was developed using top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance of MERIS image data at band 9 in combination with a regional empirical atmospheric correction model, which was strongly correlated with the in situ TSM concentration (r 2 = 0.720, p<0.001, and n = 73). The relative root mean square error (RRMSE) and mean relative error (MRE) were 36.9% and 31.6%, respectively, based on an independent validation dataset that produced reliable estimations of the TSM concentration. The developed algorithm was applied to 50 MERIS images from 2003 to 2011 to obtain a high spatial and temporal heterogeneity of TSM concentrations in Lake Taihu. Seasonally, the highest and lowest TSM concentrations were found in spring and autumn, respectively. Spatially, TSM concentrations were high in the southern part and center of the lake and low in Xukou Bay, East Lake Taihu. The lake topography, including the water depth and distance from the shore, had a significant effect on the TSM spatial distribution. A significant correlation was found between the daily average wind speed and TSM concentration (r 2 = 0.685, p<0.001, and n = 50), suggesting a critical role of wind speed in the TSM variations in Lake Taihu. In addition, a low TSM concentration was linked to the appearance of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Therefore, TSM dynamics were controlled by the lake topography, wind-driven sediment resuspension and SAV distribution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Lake Topography and Wind Waves Determining Seasonal-Spatial Dynamics of Total Suspended Matter in Turbid Lake Taihu, China: Assessment Using Long-Term High-Resolution MERIS Data

et al. 2014

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“…Suspended matter of terrestrial origin settles close to the coast [22]. Low mineral particle load combined with high CDOM concentrations results in a combination of weak light scattering and strong absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrasting seasonality in optical-biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea

et al. 2017

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Optical-biogeochemical relationships of particulate and dissolved organic matter are presented in support of remote sensing of the Baltic Sea pelagic. This system exhibits strong seasonality in phytoplankton community composition and wide gradients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), properties which are poorly handled by existing remote sensing algorithms. Absorption and scattering properties of particulate matter reflected the seasonality in biological (phytoplankton succession) and physical (thermal stratification) processes. Inherent optical properties showed much wider variability when normalized to the chlorophyll-a concentration compared to normalization to either total suspended matter dry weight or particulate organic carbon. The particle population had the largest optical variability in summer and was dominated by organic matter in both seasons. The geographic variability of CDOM and relationships with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are also presented. CDOM dominated light absorption at blue wavelengths, contributing 81% (median) of the absorption by all water constituents at 400 nm and 63% at 442 nm. Consequentially, 90% of water-leaving radiance at 412 nm originated from a layer (z90) no deeper than approximately 1.0 m. With water increasingly attenuating light at longer wavelengths, a green peak in light penetration and reflectance is always present in these waters, with z90 up to 3.0–3.5 m depth, whereas z90 only exceeds 5 m at biomass < 5 mg Chla m-3. High absorption combined with a weakly scattering particle population (despite median phytoplankton biomass of 14.1 and 4.3 mg Chla m-3 in spring and summer samples, respectively), characterize this sea as a dark water body for which dedicated or exceptionally robust remote sensing techniques are required. Seasonal and regional optical-biogeochemical models, data distributions, and an extensive set of simulated remote-sensing reflectance spectra for testing of remote sensing algorithms are provided as supplementary data.

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“…The CDOM concentration undergoes seasonal variation, typically reflecting changes in river runoff (Asmala et al, 2012;Kowalczuk et al, 2010). Suspended particulate matter mostly originates from terrigenous inputs or bottom resuspension (Håkanson and Eckhéll, 2005), and may dominate underwater light attenuation, especially close to the mainland (Luhtala et al, 2013). The phytoplankton related PAR attenuation follows well-recognised seasonal development that is controlled by biogeochemical cycles of nutrients: the spring bloom is dominated by diatoms and dinoflagellates exploiting nitrogen, and after the early summer phytoplankton minimum, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria bloom, utilising the remaining phosphorus better than the species that suffer from nitrogen limitation (Hällfors et al, 1981).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-temporal representativeness of euphotic depth in situ sampling in transitional coastal waters

Luhtala

Tolvanen

2016

Journal of Sea Research

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Suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the Baltic Sea—New empirical data and models

Cited by 27 publications

References 25 publications

Lake Topography and Wind Waves Determining Seasonal-Spatial Dynamics of Total Suspended Matter in Turbid Lake Taihu, China: Assessment Using Long-Term High-Resolution MERIS Data

Lake Topography and Wind Waves Determining Seasonal-Spatial Dynamics of Total Suspended Matter in Turbid Lake Taihu, China: Assessment Using Long-Term High-Resolution MERIS Data

Contrasting seasonality in optical-biogeochemical properties of the Baltic Sea

Spatio-temporal representativeness of euphotic depth in situ sampling in transitional coastal waters

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