Suspected toxoplasma—Associated myocarditis in a cat

Simpson, Kerry; Devine, B Craig; Gunn-Moore, Danièlle

doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2004.08.004

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In cats, transient AV conduction disturbances (trifascicular block) have been reported associated with concurrent elevations of cTnI concentrations [45]; therefore, acute myocarditis may be suspected as a cause of the AV node conduction disturbances based on elevated cTnI concentrations [45]. The prevalence of myocarditis-related conduction block is unknown in cats [45,46], although cases of myocarditis secondary to Toxoplasma gondii [47], Bartonella henselae [46,48], Streptococcus canis [49], and Borrelia burgdorferi [50] have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indications for permanent pacing in dogs and cats

Santilli

Giacomazzi²,

Vázquez³

et al. 2019

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

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Pacemaker implantation is considered as a standard procedure for treatment of symptomatic bradycardia in both dogs and cats. Advanced second-degree and third-degree atrioventricular blocks, sick sinus syndrome, persistent atrial standstill, and vasovagal syncope are the most common rhythm disturbances that require pacing to either alleviate clinical signs or prolong survival. Most pacemakers are implanted transvenously, using endocardial leads, but rarely epicardial leads may be necessary. To decide whether a patient is a candidate for pacing, as well as which pacing modality should be used, the clinician must have a clear understanding of the etiology, the pathophysiology, and the natural history of the most common bradyarrhythmias, as well as what result can be achieved by pacing patients with different rhythm disturbances. The goal of this review was, therefore, to describe the indications for pacing by evaluating the available evidence in both human and veterinary medicine. We described the etiology of bradyarrhythmias, clinical signs and electrocardiographic abnormalities, and the choice of pacing modality, taking into account how different choices may have different physiological consequences to selected patients. It is expected that this review will assist veterinarians in recognizing arrhythmias that may require permanent pacing and the risk-benefit of each pacing modality and its impact on outcome. ª

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indications for permanent pacing in dogs and cats

Santilli

Giacomazzi²,

Vázquez³

et al. 2019

Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

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“…Various publications describe different clinical manifestations of feline toxoplasmosis (Anfray et al 2005;Lappin et al 1992;McConnell et al 2007;Nordquist & Aronson 2008;Pfohl & Dewey 2005;Simpson, Devine & Gunn-Moore 2005;Tobias 1990). The first case of cutaneous toxoplasmosis was reported in a female Japanese cat (Park et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent cat

Nagel

Williams

Schoeman

2013

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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A 10-year-old domestic short hair cat was referred for investigation of anorexia and polydipsia of 3 days' duration. Clinically the cat was obese, pyrexic (39.8 °C), had acute abdominal pain and severe bilirubinuria. Haematology and serum biochemistry revealed severe panleukopenia, thrombocytopenia, markedly elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and five-fold increased pre-prandial bile acids. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the abdomen did not identify any abnormalities. Serum tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) were negative. Broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment for infectious hepatitis was to no avail; the cat deteriorated and died 72 h after admission. Necropsy revealed mild icterus and anaemia, severe multifocal hepatic necrosis, serofibrinous hydrothorax, pulmonary oedema and interstitial pneumonia. Histopathology confirmed the macroscopic findings and revealed multifocal microgranulomata in the brain and myocardium, as well as areas of necrosis in lymph nodes and multifocally in splenic red pulp. Long bone shaft marrow was hyperplastic with a predominance of leukocyte precursors and megakaryocytes and splenic red pulp showed mild extramedullary haemopoiesis. Immunohistochemical staining for Toxoplasma gondii was strongly positive, with scattered cysts and tachyzoites in the liver, lymph nodes, spleen, lungs, brain, salivary glands and intracellularly in round cells in occasional blood vessels. Immunohistochemical staining for corona virus on the same tissues was negative, ruling out feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on formalin-fixed paraffin-wax embedded tissues was positive for Toxoplasma sp., but attempts at sequencing were unsuccessful. This was the first case report of fulminant disseminated toxoplasmosis in South Africa, in which detailed histopathology in an apparently immunocompetent cat was described.

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“…The underlying pathophysiology causing the transient ventricular wall thickening is unknown, but in view of the fast reverse remodeling seen in our cases, myocardial edema and/or transient cellular infiltration might be responsible. Acute myocarditis in humans can cause TMT that resembles HCM at initial presentation . In these cases, the increased ventricular wall thickness was shown to be associated with severe myocardial interstitial edema .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Myocardial edema is one of the main features of the inflammatory response in acute myocarditis in humans . Myocarditis is poorly described in small animals but increased LVWT can occur with toxoplasma myocarditis, myocarditis caused by FIV, and in eosinophilic myocarditis . The increased LVWT can normalize if the patient survives the acute CHF episode, as described in a cat with toxoplasma myocarditis …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient Myocardial Thickening in Cats Associated with Heart Failure

Matos

Pereira

Glaus

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundCats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and congestive heart failure (CHF) can have resolution of both left ventricular hypertrophy and CHF.ObjectivesTo describe the clinical characteristics of cats with transient myocardial thickening (TMT) and CHF compared with a control population of cats without resolution of HCM.AnimalsA total of 21 cats with TMT, 21 cats with HCM.MethodsRetrospective study. Clinical records at 4 veterinary centers were searched for TMT cases and a control group of cats with HCM and CHF. TMT was defined as initial maximal left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) ≥6 mm with left‐sided CHF, with subsequent resolution of CHF, reduction in left atrium/aorta (LA/Ao), and LVWT<5.5 mm. HCM was defined as persistent LVWT ≥6 mm.ResultsCats with TMT were younger (2 [0.4–11.4] years) than cats with HCM (8 [1.6–14] years) (P < 0.0001), and antecedent events were more common (15/21 versus 6/21, respectively) (P = 0.01). In cats with TMT, LVWT normalized from 6.8 [6.0–9.7] mm to 4.8 [2.8–5.3] mm and LA/Ao decreased from 1.8 [1.6–2.3] to 1.45 [1.2–1.7] after a mean interval of 3.3 (95% CI: 1.8–4.7) months. CHF recurred in 1 of 21 TMT and 15 of 21 cats with HCM. Cardiac treatment was discontinued in 20 of 21 cats with TMT and 0 of 21 HCM cats. All cats with TMT survived, whereas 8 of 19 cats with HCM died during the study period.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceTMT occurs in younger cats, and antecedent events are common. The prognosis is better in cats with CHF associated with TMT than HCM.

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Suspected toxoplasma—Associated myocarditis in a cat

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

Indications for permanent pacing in dogs and cats

Indications for permanent pacing in dogs and cats

Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent cat

Transient Myocardial Thickening in Cats Associated with Heart Failure

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