Susceptibility of House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae to Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae)

Abstract

Entornopathogenic Nematodes (Rhabditida Heterorhabditidae, Midwest ldvestock k m Res-h Labratmy, =A-AM. Deparbnent of ~t o m~l o g y , University af N e b m k Lincoln, NE 68s83 f i v h n . Entomot. 27(6): 1514-1519 (1998) A B S l ' M m The potential for entornopathogenic nematodas to cantml flies in cattle feedlots was determined by screening 40 s h i n s repmenting 8 species of H~~ Poinar and 5 species of S~~ Travassos for virulence toward 3rd-instar house flies (maggots), Musm dmmtfm L None of the 22 s h i n s of H & m d d d i h infecting maggots caused sipi6cant Ievels of mortality in a filter paper assay. Ten strains of S -inf&ed maggots, of which 7 strains (4 S. (Wdser), 2 S $ l W [Filipjev), and 1 5. w t a -k w i Nguyen & Smart) caused sign$& m o d i t y . Ten Hetemdddiitu strains and 10 Steinsrna~ strains successllly reproduced for 2 2 generations in rnagpts. N o diEemoce was obsened between 72-h survival of maggots and addt emergence. Six strains OF S t e i w m m m were selected for 10 generations on maggots and then compared with usselected lines. fio difference in pathogenicity between selected and unselmed lines was observed. Two s'trains of S. fib, SN and G'NK-36, and 2 of the best H&em&ddifi strains, H. boGgffiophom Poinm -GO and & mgfdis Poinar, Jackson & Idein HF-85 were tested h a fresh bovine manure subsbate. AU 4 h a i n s produced significaot fly mortality In the manure subhate, although the S f e l m strains had significantly lower L G values than did the HetaorfPabdihs 5pp. fie most promising strain, S . f e l f i m SH, gave LC, and U& vaitles of 4 and 82 infective juveniles per m~o t , respectively. These doses were equivalent to 2.7 nnd 55 infective juvenile per gram of manure and 5.1 and 104 infective jwedesper square centimeter of surface area Infcctive]uveniles capable of infectin$ greater wax moth larvae, Callrnia & h l b (L), survived in manure for up to 10 wk without hosts. KEY WORDS M m d m m d h , biol@cal control, feedlot, entmnopthogenic nematdes

Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis for the control of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae)

“…Such a finding suggested either greater resistance of M. domestica larvae to the action of entomopathogenic nematodes or less virulence of the North Carolina strain when compared to the strain used in the present study. In contrast, Taylor et al (1998), who evaluated the pathogenicity of EPNs on larvae of M. domestica under experimental conditions similar to those used by Geden et al (1986), observed that Steinernema spp. were more virulent than Heterorhabditis spp., even mentioning that none of the species of Heterorhabditis used presented potential for control of the domestic fly.…”

Nematode Pathogenesis of Insects and Other Pests

“…were first inferred by analyses of sequence data of the ITS-1 region of the tandem repeat unit of rDNA (Adams et al, 1998). This study provided good resolution for closely related 'species' such as H. indica and H. hawaiiensis Gardner, Stock & Kaya (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), H. bacteriophora and H. argentinensis Stock (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae).…”

“…Of all considered and available methods, analysis of nucleotide sequence data has proven to be a useful tool not only for diagnostics at different taxonomic levels, but has also provided valuable data for phylogenetic inference of EPN (Adams et al, 1998;Liu, Berry, & Moldenke, 1997;Nadler, Bolotin, & Stock, 2006;Nguyen, Maruniak, & Adams, 2001;Stock, Campbell, & Nadler, 2001). At present two nuclear genes including partial sequence of the 28S rDNA gene ( 1Kb including the D2/D3 domain) and the complete Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) rDNA region (including ITS1, 5.8 S and ITS 2 genes) are the most widely used markers for diagnostics and assessment of phylogenetic relationships among taxa.…”

“…Infected pine weevils collected shortly after treatment yielded up to 98,000 IJs per insect (Dillon et al, 2006); estimations based on an average of 140 weevils per stump and 50 % infection rate (Dillon et al, 2006), with a conservative 50,000 IJs produced per insect, indicate that recycling could theoretically replace the 3.6 million IJs applied per stump. Similarly, Taylor, Szalanski, Adams, and Peterson (1998) estimated that house fly maggots Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) found at high density in cattle feedlots could sustain nematode populations at the LC 99 level, even if only 1.5 % of the maggots were infected. Stable ecosystems such as turfgrass or alfalfa are likely to favour longer term persistence, and applied EPN can persist for several years in these systems Shields et al); indeed, S. scapterisci became established in turf grass and pasture following its introduction into Florida, as was intended .…”

Entomopathogens in control of urban pests

“…Entomopathogenic nematodes such as Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and their associated symbionts are virulent for fly larvae in certain substrates (41,44,55), but the harsh environments presented by poultry and swine manure are inimical to their survival (6,17,41,45).…”