Surviving blood loss without blood transfusion in a swine poly-trauma model

Efficacy of 17α-ethynylestradiol-3-sulfate for severe hemorrhage in minipigs in the absence of fluid resuscitation

“…Furthermore, the model may be stringent. Valproic acid (400 mg/kg), which prolonged survival in Yorkshire pigs in a polytrauma model 25 consisting of femur fracture, 60% hemorrhage and 30 minutes of shock followed by fluid resuscitation, and Grade V liver injury, did not promote survival in the present model: median survival for valproic acid was 6 minutes compared with 92 minutes in vehicle controls. 26 An additional limitation of our experiments is the use of five to seven of these expensive animals per treatment group; however, the combined analysis of both experiments involved 12 animals in each of the 1-mg/kg and vehicle control groups.…”

Valproic acid reversed pathologic endothelial cell gene expression profile associated with ischemia–reperfusion injury in a swine hemorrhagic shock model

“…Currently, there has been much focus on VPA because this agent has shown promise in cellular protection after periods of ischemia or hemorrhage, but these pathways are largely unknown. [23][24][25] Our results have identified factors related to apoptosis/ cell death and angiogenesis/vascular development as being among the major pharmacologic targets of VPA after a severe ischemia-reperfusion injury, particularly VEGF and TGF-␤. Although it is possible that changes in hemodynamic factors and other aspects of the injury contributed to the changes in gene expression in the VPA-treated animals, the genes we discovered that changed have been identified as transcriptional targets of VPA in several in vitro models.…”

Experimental Models of Hemorrhagic Shock: A Review

“…Howes et al [121] investigated the effect of recombinant factor VIIa in a polytraumatic (femur fracture, liver laceration and soft tissue crush injury) pig model. Alam et al [122] examined the efficacy of treatment with valproic acid in pigs using a highly lethal polytrauma and hemorrhagic shock model [femur fracture, 60% hemorrhage (mean arterial pressure 25-30 mm Hg) and grade V liver injury].…”