Survival of streptococci and coliforms of bovine faecal origin in drainage water and soil stored at different temperatures

Guy, Esme M.; Small, J. A.

doi:10.1080/00288233.1977.10427295

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Other studies have shown soil moisture to affect survival of faecal bacteria (Zibilske and Weaver 1978; Chandler and Craven 1980), but soil type, inoculum cell conditions, exposure of inoculated soil to sunlight (Tannock and Smith 1972), protozoan predation (Recorbet et al . 1992), frost (Tannock and Smith 1972) and temperature (Guy and Small 1977; Zibilske and Weaver 1978) may also be important.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in bovine manure incorporated into soil

Lau

Ingham

2001

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Aims: Survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci was evaluated in bovine manure incorporated into two Wisconsin soils. Methods and Results: Silty clay loam (SCL) and loamy sand (LS) were mixed with fresh bovine manure, exposed daily to 10 h at 22°C/14 h at 9°C, and watered weekly for 12 weeks. Escherichia coli numbers increased 1±2 log cfu g ±1 , then decreased < 1 and about 2 log cfu g ±1 in SCL and LS, respectively. Enterococci numbers rose less and then declined faster than those of E. coli. Watering intervals of 3, 7 and 14 days were evaluated in weeks 13±19, but did not affect the slow decline in numbers of E. coli or enterococci. Conclusions: Escherichia coli and enterococci may survive at least 19 weeks at 9±21°C in bovine manure/soil, with E. coli surviving better. Signi®cance and Impact of the Study: Quanti®cation of E. coli or enterococci in late spring/early summer soil may be useful in indicating recent application of bovine manure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in bovine manure incorporated into soil

Lau

Ingham

2001

Lett Appl Microbiol

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“…The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) requires that at least 120 days elapse between noncomposted manure application and harvest of organic crops with edible portions exposed to soil particles (15). A focus of the present study was to determine whether the adequacy of the USDA 120-day limit varies according to seasonal factors such as temperature and frost, as suggested by previous studies (4,13,16,19).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli Contamination of Root and Leaf Vegetables Grown in Soils with Incorporated Bovine Manure

Natvig¹,

Ingham²,

Ingham³

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

261

146

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Bovine manure, with or without added Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (three strains), was incorporated into silty clay loam (SCL) and loamy sand (LS) soil beds (53-by 114-cm surface area, 17.5 cm deep) and maintained in two controlled-environment chambers. The S. enterica serovar Typhimurium inoculum was 4 to 5 log CFU/g in manure-fertilized soil. The conditions in the two environmental chambers, each containing inoculated and uninoculated beds of manure-fertilized soil, simulated daily average Madison, Wis., weather conditions (hourly temperatures, rainfall, daylight, and humidity) for a 1 March or a 1 June manure application and subsequent vegetable growing seasons ending 9 August or 28 September, respectively. Core soil samples were taken biweekly from both inoculated and uninoculated soil beds in each chamber. Radishes, arugula, and carrots were planted in soil beds, thinned, and harvested. Soils, thinned vegetables, and harvested vegetables were analyzed for S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli (indigenous in manure). After the 1 March manure application, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was detected at low levels in both soils on 31 May, but not on vegetables planted 1 May and harvested 12 July from either soil. After the 1 June manure application, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium was detected in SCL soil on 7 September and on radishes and arugula planted in SCL soil on 15 August and harvested on 27 September. In LS soil, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium died at a similar rate (P > 0.05) after the 1 June manure application and was less often detected on arugula and radishes harvested from this soil compared to the SCL soil. Pathogen levels on vegetables were decreased by washing. Manure application in cool (daily average maximum temperature of <10°C) spring conditions is recommended to ensure that harvested vegetables are not contaminated with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium. Manure application under warmer (daily average maximum temperature >20°C) summer conditions is not recommended when vegetable planting is done between the time of manure application and late summer. A late fall manure application will not increase the risk of contaminating vegetables planted the next spring, since further experiments showed that repeated freeze-thaw cycles were detrimental to the survival of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium and E. coli in manure-fertilized soil. The number of indigenous E. coli in soil was never significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, suggesting its usefulness as an indicator organism for evaluating the risk of vegetable contamination with manure-borne S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.

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“…There is a small amount of scientific literature that documents the rapid and pronounced degradation of drainage water quality following the application of animal manures or effluents to pasture (Evans & Owen 1972;Guy & Small 1977;Cooke et al 1979;MacGregor et al 1979) or crop-land (Hergert et al 1981;Dean & Foran 1992;Goehring et al 1998) containing artificial subsurface drainage systems. Unfortunately, the relevance of this literature to typical dairy-farm practice in New Zealand is difficult to gauge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimising surface water pollution resulting from farm‐dairy effluent application to mole‐pipe drained soils. II. The contribution of preferential flow of effluent to whole‐farm pollutant losses in subsurface drainage from a West Otago dairy farm

Monaghan

Smith

2004

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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To evaluate the role of artificial drainage systems in the transfer of nutrients and faecal organisms from soil to waterways, mole-pipe drainage flows were monitored from two large (27 × 40 m), hydrologically isolated field plots that were part of a long-term dairy pasture in West Otago, New Zealand. One plot was grazed only whilst the other plot was spray irrigated with untreated dairy-shed effluent on seven occasions, shortly following grazing events in spring, summer or autumn. Monitoring throughout the 4-year study showed that relatively large amounts of ammonium-N, total-P, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria were transported through the artificial drainage system via direct drainage of effluent following three of the seven effluent irrigation events. These effluent drainage events occurred when the maximum depth of effluent application exceeded the soil water deficit measured in the 0-45-cm layer. A pronounced non-uniform pattern of effluent application was observed, with areas to the outside of the irrigator run effectively receiving double the average application depth, and at an instantaneous rate greater than 100 mm h resulting drainage were large. Based on the measured irrigation uniformities and soil water balance calculations, a simple model of effluent flow through mole-pipe drained soils was developed. Model outputs indicated that two key management strategies could avoid or reduce the transport of pollutants from these effluent-treated soils, specifically (i) increasing irrigator groundspeed and (ii) storing effluent when soil conditions are wet. Failure to implement these management practices is likely to result in the delivery of large amounts of pollutants to surface waterways when flows in the receiving surface waters are low and temperatures relatively high.

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Survival of streptococci and coliforms of bovine faecal origin in drainage water and soil stored at different temperatures

Cited by 8 publications

References 15 publications

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in bovine manure incorporated into soil

Survival of faecal indicator bacteria in bovine manure incorporated into soil

Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli Contamination of Root and Leaf Vegetables Grown in Soils with Incorporated Bovine Manure

Minimising surface water pollution resulting from farm‐dairy effluent application to mole‐pipe drained soils. II. The contribution of preferential flow of effluent to whole‐farm pollutant losses in subsurface drainage from a West Otago dairy farm

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