Aims: Survival of Escherichia coli and enterococci was evaluated in bovine manure incorporated into two Wisconsin soils. Methods and Results: Silty clay loam (SCL) and loamy sand (LS) were mixed with fresh bovine manure, exposed daily to 10 h at 22°C/14 h at 9°C, and watered weekly for 12 weeks. Escherichia coli numbers increased 1±2 log cfu g ±1 , then decreased < 1 and about 2 log cfu g ±1 in SCL and LS, respectively. Enterococci numbers rose less and then declined faster than those of E. coli. Watering intervals of 3, 7 and 14 days were evaluated in weeks 13±19, but did not affect the slow decline in numbers of E. coli or enterococci. Conclusions: Escherichia coli and enterococci may survive at least 19 weeks at 9±21°C in bovine manure/soil, with E. coli surviving better. Signi®cance and Impact of the Study: Quanti®cation of E. coli or enterococci in late spring/early summer soil may be useful in indicating recent application of bovine manure.
These commercial kits allow greater recovery and the elimination of dangerous chemicals for DNA extraction, making them the method of choice for the isolation of DNA from benthic mats. They also facilitate the extraction of DNA from benthic Cyanobacteria, which can help to improve the characterization of Cyanobacteria in environmental studies using qPCRs or population composition analysis using next-generation sequencing.
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