Survival of Measles Virus in Air

Jong, Jondavid G. de; Winkler, Kurt

doi:10.1038/2011054a0

Cited by 57 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Aerosolized influenza virus was shown to be inactivated rapidly at high relative humidities but not at low relative humidities (Hemmes,Winkler & Kool,I96O). The same was shown for measles virus, except that inactivation was more rapid at relative humidities of 6o to 80 ~ than at higher relative humidities (De Jong & Winkler, 1964). Aerosolized poliovirus retained its infectivity for a long time at relative humidities of 7o ~ or above, but its inactivation increased with decreased relative humidities below 7o ~ (De Jong & Winkler, 1968).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…The same was shown for measles virus, except that inactivation was more rapid at relative humidities of 6o to 80 ~ than at higher relative humidities (De Jong & Winkler, 1964). Aerosolized poliovirus retained its infectivity for a long time at relative humidities of 7o ~ or above, but its inactivation increased with decreased relative humidities below 7o ~ (De Jong & Winkler, 1968). These authors concluded that viruses with structural lipids survived best in aerosols at low relative humidity, while ether-resistant viruses without structural lipids generally survived best at high humidities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Some Factors Affecting the Survival of Airborne Viruses

Benbough

1971

Journal of General Virology

105

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYThe response of aerosolized viruses to relative humidity depended greatly on the composition of the fluid from which the viruses were sprayed. For example, the removal of salts from the spray fluid diminished the loss of infectivity of Langat virus (a group B arbovirus) at intermediate relative humidities. Salts were less toxic towards aerosolized Semliki Forest virus (a group A arbovirus) but did cause some loss of infectivity at higher relative humidities after prolonged storage of the aerosol. Polyhydroxy-compounds reversed the virucidal effects of salts on arboviruses. The removal of protein from the spray suspensions of arboviruses caused rapid loss of infectivity in the aerosol at very high relative humidities but had no detrimental effect at lower relative humidities. Poliovirus and T coliphage, which possess no structural lipid, retained high levels of infectivity following aerosolization at relative humidites of 7o ~ or above; at lower relative humidities they were inactivated rapidly. This rapid inactivation was increased further at lower solute concentrations of the spray fluid.The infectivities of aerosolized polioviruses and coliphages depended on the mode of rehydration during collection of the aerosols, but the infectivities of arboviruses in aerosols were unaffected by this. Atmospheric oxygen was not toxic to viruses in the aerosol state.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Some Factors Affecting the Survival of Airborne Viruses

Benbough

1971

Journal of General Virology

105

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The mean monthly values of I~H have been plotted at mid-month and the increase of measles cases during each four-week period has been plotted at the beginning of the period because the time of infection is probably 2 weeks before registration. It was shown that measles morbidity increases during periods of low indoor RI-I and decreases during periods of EI-I values above 40% (De Jong and Winkler, 1964). Analogous results were obtained when studying measles in local areas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 50%

The survival of measles virus in air, in relation to the epidemiology of measles

Jong

1965

Archiv f Virusforschung

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The morbidity of measles shows a seasonal variation, with an increase in the first months of the year in temperate zones. Four-weeks morbidity data for England and Wales show an increase of measles over the period December-June and a decreasing morbidity during August-October (Fig. 1).These fluctuations might depend on at least three factors: variation in susceptibility of the host, virulence of the virus and (in airborne infectious diseases) virus survival in air.The influence of relative humidity (RH), temperature and artificial light on the survival of measles virus in air was examined.Virus (Edmonston strain) was aerosolized within five seconds in a conditioned room of 4 m a and droplet nuclei with an average diameter of 59 were obtained. Air samples were regularly taken with capillary impingers and the surviving virus was estimated by titration of the collection fluid by the plaque-count method (PFU/ml) on human amnion cells (strain U, Doorschodt). Virus recovery, one minute after spraying, was generally more than 70% at low RH and never less than 23% at high RH. In all experiments virus decay followed a logarithmic course (Fig. 2). The slope of the straight lines, expressed in K --A log N t At can be taken as a measure of the decay rate and was calculated for every experiment. At 20 ~ Celsius and low RH, measles virus survives well (K=--0,003) but virus decay increases quickly in the range from 40--70% RH (K= --0,056) (Fig. 3). When plotting log K against RH,

show abstract

“…Alternatively, the generalized inflammatory response initiated by the high level of MV infection in tonsillar tissue in the URT may also trigger a cough response in epithelium below the larynx. Although there is a paucity of research into aerosol transmission of MV, it has been reported that cell-free MV survives for longer in the air than influenza virus (De Jong & Winkler, 1964), but shows increased rates of virus decay at humidity levels of 50-70 %. It could be postulated that MV released into the environment in a cell-associated form would be better protected against environmental hazards such as humidity, temperature and UV radiation, and may be more infectious than cell-free virions due to the greater efficacy and speed of cell-to-cell fusion in comparison to virus-to-cell fusion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection of lymphoid tissues in the macaque upper respiratory tract contributes to the emergence of transmissible measles virus

Ludlow

Vries

Lemon

et al. 2013

Journal of General Virology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Measles virus (MV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. MV is spread by aerosols but the mechanism(s) responsible for the high transmissibility of MV are largely unknown. We previously infected macaques with enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing recombinant MV and euthanized them at a range of time points. In this study a comprehensive pathological analysis has been performed of tissues from the respiratory tract around the peak of virus replication. Isolation of virus from nose and throat swab samples showed that high levels of both cell-associated and cell-free virus were present in the upper respiratory tract. Analysis of tissue sections from lung and primary bronchus revealed localized infection of epithelial cells, concomitant infiltration of MV-infected immune cells into the epithelium and localized shedding of cells or cell debris into the lumen. While high numbers of MV-infected cells were present in the tongue, these were largely encapsulated by intact keratinocyte cell layers that likely limit virus transmission. In contrast, the integrity of tonsillar and adenoidal epithelia was disrupted with high numbers of MV-infected epithelial cells and infiltrating immune cells present throughout epithelial cell layers. Disruption was associated with large numbers of MV-infected cells or cell debris 'spilling' from epithelia into the respiratory tract. The coughing and sneezing response induced by disruption of the ciliated epithelium, leading to the expulsion of MV-infected cells, cell debris and cell-free virus, contributes to the highly infectious nature of MV.

show abstract

Survival of Measles Virus in Air

Cited by 57 publications

References 2 publications

Some Factors Affecting the Survival of Airborne Viruses

Some Factors Affecting the Survival of Airborne Viruses

The survival of measles virus in air, in relation to the epidemiology of measles

Infection of lymphoid tissues in the macaque upper respiratory tract contributes to the emergence of transmissible measles virus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About