Survival Analysis in Telemetry Studies: The Staggered Entry Design

Pollock, Kenneth H.; Winterstein, Scott R.; Bunck, Christine M.; Curtis, Paul D.

doi:10.2307/3801296

Cited by 960 publications

(815 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This model is similar to Kaplan-Meier models typically used for analyses of radio-telemetry data (Pollock et al 1989), although it does not require knowledge of an exact failure date. Although Lukacs et al (2004) recently developed a method for estimating chick survival when individual birds are not marked, this approach requires that the number of sampling occasions is fixed.…”

Section: Data Summary and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Survival and Behavior of Snowy Plover Chicks

Colwell

Hurley

Hall

et al. 2007

Condor

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Precocial young often experience high mortality prior to achieving flight, especially in the first days after hatching. We quantified relationships between chick age, survival, behavior, and response to natural and anthropogenic danger for the threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) in coastal northern California, USA. Plover chicks were most likely to die in the first three days of their 28-day prefledging period, especially on sandy ocean beaches compared to coarser substrates of river habitats. Chick survival in both habitats increased across the ∼120-day chick-rearing period. Improved survival of older chicks coincided with an age-related reduction in brooding and increased distance from the tending parent, which was not related to season. Lower survival of younger chicks was correlated with a tendency to lie motionless when approached by humans; nearly all older chicks responded to human approach by running to evade danger. Chicks of all ages were more likely to lie motionless when potential avian predators flew nearby. Agedependent survival of Snowy Plover chicks paralleled a trend of increasing development, thermal independence from adults, and capability of evading predators. Abstract. Precocial young often experience high mortality prior to achieving flight, especially in the first days after hatching. We quantified relationships between chick age, survival, behavior, and response to natural and anthropogenic danger for the threatened Western Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) in coastal northern California, USA. Plover chicks were most likely to die in the first three days of their 28-day prefledging period, especially on sandy ocean beaches compared to coarser substrates of river habitats. Chick survival in both habitats increased across the ,120-day chick-rearing period. Improved survival of older chicks coincided with an age-related reduction in brooding and increased distance from the tending parent, which was not related to season. Lower survival of younger chicks was correlated with a tendency to lie motionless when approached by humans; nearly all older chicks responded to human approach by running to evade danger. Chicks of all ages were more likely to lie motionless when potential avian predators flew nearby. Age-dependent survival of Snowy Plover chicks paralleled a trend of increasing development, thermal independence from adults, and capability of evading predators.Key words: antipredator behavior, Charadrius alexandrinus, chick survival, habitat quality, human disturbance, predation danger, Snowy Plover. Supervivencia Relativa a la Edad y Comportamiento de los Pichones deCharadrius alexandrinusResumen. Los pichones precociales usualmente experimentan una alta mortalidad antes de adquirir la capacidad del vuelo, especialmente en los primeros días luego de eclosionar. Cuantificamos la relació n entre la edad del pichó n, la supervivencia, el comportamiento y la respuesta a peligros naturales y antropogénicos para la especie amenazada Charadrius ...

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Section: Data Summary and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Age-Related Survival and Behavior of Snowy Plover Chicks

Colwell

Hurley

Hall

et al. 2007

Condor

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“…Under such conditions the Cox proportional-hazard model is an attractive method as there is no need to specify the baseline hazard function (Therneau & Grambsch, 2010). We pooled data across the studies and approached the analysis as a staggered entry design (Pollock et al, 1989). We created two separate models.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival rates and causes of mortality of leopards Panthera pardus in southern Africa

Swanepoel

Somers

Hoven

et al. 2014

Oryx

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Estimation of survival rates is important for developing and evaluating conservation options for large carnivores. However, telemetry studies for large carnivores are often characterized by small sample sizes that limit meaningful conclusions. We used data from 10 published and 8 unpublished studies of leopards Panthera pardus in southern Africa to estimate survival rates and investigate causes of leopard mortality. Mean survival rates were significantly lower in non-protected (0.55 ± SE 0.08) compared to protected areas (0.88 ± 0.03). Inside protected areas juveniles had significantly lower survival (0.39 ± 0.10) compared to subadults (0.86 ± 0.07) and adults (0.88 ± 0.04).There was a greater difference in cause of death between protected and non-protected areas for females compared to males, with people being the dominant cause of mortality outside protected areas for both females and males. We suggest there is cause for concern regarding the sustainability of leopard populations in South Africa, as high female mortality may have severe demographic effects and a large proportion of suitable leopard habitat lies in non-protected areas. However, because a large proportion of deaths outside protected areas were attributed to deliberate killing by people, we suggest that management interventions may have the potential to increase leopard survival dramatically. We therefore stress the urgency to initiate actions, such as conflict mitigation programmes, to increase leopard survival in non-protected areas.

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“…For summer survival, we did not use the staggered entry design (Pollock et al 1989) because we captured all calves within approximately 3 weeks, and mortality was highly concentrated in the first 2 weeks after capture (Pojar and Bowden 2004). For summer calf encounter histories (n ¼ 116), we used 1-week intervals to record radiotagging, survival, mortality, and censor events.…”

Section: Survival Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elk Calf Survival and Mortality Following Wolf Restoration to Yellowstone National Park

Barber‐Meyer

Mech

White

2008

Wildlife Monographs

184

301

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We conducted a 3-year study (May 2003-Apr 2006 of mortality of northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus) calves to determine the cause for the recruitment decline (i.e., 33 calves to 13 calves/100 adult F) following the restoration of wolves (Canis lupus). We captured, fit with radiotransmitters, and evaluated blood characteristics and disease antibody seroprevalence in 151 calves 6 days old (68M:83F). Concentrations (x, SE) of potential condition indicators were as follows: thyroxine (T4; 13.8 lg/dL, 0.43), serum urea nitrogen (SUN; 17.4 mg/dL, 0.57), c-glutamyltransferase (GGT; 66.4 IU/L, 4.36), gamma globulins (GG; 1.5 g/dL, 0.07), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; 253.6 ng/mL, 9.59). Seroprevalences were as follows: brucellosis (Brucella abortus; 3%), bovine-respiratory syncytial virus (3%), bovine-viral-diarrhea virus type 1 (25%), infectious-bovine rhinotracheitis (58%), and bovine parainfluenza-3 (32%). Serum urea nitrogen, GGT, GG, and IGF-1 varied with year; T4, SUN, and GG varied with age (P 0.01); and SUN varied by capture area (P ¼ 0.02). Annual survival was 0.22 (SE¼0.035, n¼149) and varied by calving area but not year. Neonates captured in the Stephens Creek/Mammoth area of Yellowstone National Park, USA, had annual survival rates .33 higher (0.54) than those captured in the Lamar Valley area (0.17), likely due to the higher predator density in Lamar Valley. Summer survival (20 weeks after radiotagging) was 0.29 (SE ¼ 0.05, n ¼ 116), and calving area, absolute deviation from median birth date, and GG were important predictors of summer survival. Survival during winter (Nov-Apr) was 0.90 (SE ¼ 0.05, n ¼ 42), and it did not vary by calving area or year. Sixty-nine percent (n ¼ 104) of calves died within the first year of life, 24% (n ¼ 36) survived their first year, and 7% (n ¼ 11) had unknown fates. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) and black bears (Ursus americanus) accounted for 58-60% (n ¼ 60-62) of deaths, and wolves accounted for 14-17% (n ¼ 15-18). Summer predation (95% of summer deaths) increased, and winter malnutrition (0% of winter deaths) decreased, compared with a similar study during 1987-1990 (72% and 58%, respectively). Physiological factors (e.g., low levels of GG) may predispose calves to predation. Also, the increase in bear numbers since wolf restoration and spatial components finer than the northern range should be considered when trying to determine the causes of the northern Yellowstone elk decline. This is the first study to document the predation impacts from reintroduced wolves on elk calf mortality in an ecosystem already containing established populations of 4 other major predators (i. para determinar las causas del descenso del reclutamiento (de 33 a 13 crías /100 hembras adultas) tras la restauración del lobo (Canis lupus). Hemos capturado, marcado con radiotransmisores y evaluado las características de la sangre y la seroprevalencia de los anticuerpos a enfermedades de 151 crías 6 días (68M:83H). Las concentraciones (x, SE) de los indicadores del estado pote...

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Survival Analysis in Telemetry Studies: The Staggered Entry Design

Cited by 960 publications

References 25 publications

Age-Related Survival and Behavior of Snowy Plover Chicks

Age-Related Survival and Behavior of Snowy Plover Chicks

Survival rates and causes of mortality of leopards Panthera pardus in southern Africa

Elk Calf Survival and Mortality Following Wolf Restoration to Yellowstone National Park

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