Survival among children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the United States, by race and age, 2001 to 2009: Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study

Tai, Eric; Ward, Kevin C.; Bonaventure, Audrey; Siegel, David A.; Coleman, Michel P

doi:10.1002/cncr.30899

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…Geographic differences in cancer incidence have been previously documented in the United States and Europe using population‐based cancer registries . Geographic differences in survival, similar to incidence, might be related to genetic, environmental, economic, or social factors . This study found relative survival differences between non‐Hispanic white and black patients in the South and between non‐Hispanic white patients, Hispanic patients, and other non‐Hispanic patients in the Midwest.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Racial and ethnic differences in survival of pediatric patients with brain and central nervous system cancer in the United States

Siegel

Ding³

et al. 2018

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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Background Brain and central nervous system (CNS) cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among children and adolescents in the United States. Data from earlier studies suggested racial and ethnic differences in survival among pediatric patients with brain tumor. This study examined racial/ethnic difference in survival using national data and considered the effects of demographic and clinical factors. Methods Using National Program of Cancer Registries data, 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year relative survival (cancer survival in the absence of other causes of death) was calculated for patients with brain and CNS cancer aged < 20 years diagnosed during 2001–2008 and followed up through 2013. Racial and ethnic differences in survival were measured by sex, age, economic status, stage, anatomic location, and histology. Adjusted racial and ethnic difference in 5‐year cancer specific survival was estimated using multivariable Cox regression analysis. Results Using data from 11 302 patients, 5‐year relative survival was 77.6% for non‐Hispanic white patients, 69.8% for non‐Hispanic black patients, and 72.9% for Hispanic patients. Differences in relative survival by race/ethnicity existed within all demographic groups. Based on multivariable analysis, non‐Hispanic black patients had a higher risk of death at 5 years after diagnosis compared to non‐Hispanic white patients (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.2, 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.4). Conclusions Pediatric brain and CNS cancer survival differed by race/ethnicity, with non‐Hispanic black patients having a higher risk of death than non‐Hispanic white patients. Future investigation of access to care, social and economic barriers, and host genetic factors might identify reasons for disparities in survival.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Racial and ethnic differences in survival of pediatric patients with brain and central nervous system cancer in the United States

Siegel

Ding³

et al. 2018

Pediatric Blood & Cancer

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“…We observed that age-standardized 5-year net survival for lung cancer (19.0%) was 4.2% higher than that for liver cancer (14.8%) 18 but lower than for the other cancers addressed in this Supplement, including stomach cancer (29.0%), 19 ovarian cancer (41.0%), 20 cervical cancer (62.8%), 21 rectal cancer (64.0%), 22 colon cancer (64.6%), 23 acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children (88.1%), 24 breast cancer (88.6%), 25 and prostate cancer (96.9%). 26 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Lung cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study

Richards

Henley

Puckett

et al. 2017

Cancer

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BACKGROUND Results from the second CONCORD study (CONCORD-2) indicated that 5-year net survival for lung cancer was low (range, 10%–20%) between 1995 and 2009 in most countries, including the United States, which was at the higher end of this range. METHODS Data from CONCORD-2 were used to analyze net survival among patients with lung cancer (aged 15–99 years) who were diagnosed in 37 states covering 80% of the US population. Survival was corrected for background mortality using state-specific and race-specific life tables and age-standardized using International Cancer Survival Standard weights. Net survival was estimated for patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2003 and between 2004 and 2009 at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis by race (all races, black, and white); Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Summary Stage 2000; and US state. RESULTS Five-year net survival increased from 16.4% (95% confidence interval, 16.3%–16.5%) for patients diagnosed 2001–2003 to 19.0% (18.8%–19.1%) for those diagnosed 2004–2009, with increases in most states and among both blacks and whites. Between 2004 and 2009, 5-year survival was lower among blacks (14.9%) than among whites (19.4%) and ranged by state from 14.5% to 25.2%. CONCLUSIONS Lung cancer survival improved slightly between the periods 2001–2003 and 2004–2009 but was still low, with variation between states, and persistently lower survival among blacks than whites. Efforts to control well established risk factors would be expected to have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of lung cancer, and efforts to ensure that all patients receive timely and appropriate treatment should reduce the differences in survival by race and state.

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“…If an age‐specific estimate could not be obtained, we merged data for adjacent age groups and assigned the combined estimate to both age groups. If 2 or more age‐specific estimates could not be obtained, we present only the pooled, unstandardized estimates for all ages combined: these estimates are italicized in Supporting Tables 2 and 3 in other articles of this supplement …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population‐based cancer survival in the United States: Data, quality control, and statistical methods

Allemani

Harewood

Johnson³

et al. 2017

Cancer

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BACKGROUND Robust comparisons of population-based cancer survival estimates require tight adherence to the study protocol, standardized quality control, appropriate life tables of background mortality, and centralized analysis. The CONCORD program established worldwide surveillance of population-based cancer survival in 2015, analyzing individual data on 26 million patients (including 10 million US patients) diagnosed between 1995 and 2009 with 1 of 10 common malignancies. METHODS In this Cancer supplement, we analyzed data from 37 state cancer registries that participated in the second cycle of the CONCORD program (CONCORD-2), covering approximately 80% of the US population. Data quality checks were performed in 3 consecutive phases: protocol adherence, exclusions, and editorial checks. One-, 3-, and 5-year age-standardized net survival was estimated using the Pohar Perme estimator and state- and race-specific life tables of all-cause mortality for each year. The cohort approach was adopted for patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2003, and the complete approach for patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2009. RESULTS Articles in this supplement report population coverage, data quality indicators, and age-standardized 5-year net survival by state, race, and stage at diagnosis. Examples of tables, bar charts, and funnel plots are provided in this article. CONCLUSIONS Population-based cancer survival is a key measure of the overall effectiveness of services in providing equitable health care. The high quality of US cancer registry data, 80% population coverage, and use of an unbiased net survival estimator ensure that the survival trends reported in this supplement are robustly comparable by race and state. The results can be used by policymakers to identify and address inequities in cancer survival in each state and for the United States nationally.

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Survival among children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the United States, by race and age, 2001 to 2009: Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study

Cited by 57 publications

References 42 publications

Racial and ethnic differences in survival of pediatric patients with brain and central nervous system cancer in the United States

Racial and ethnic differences in survival of pediatric patients with brain and central nervous system cancer in the United States

Lung cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study

Population‐based cancer survival in the United States: Data, quality control, and statistical methods

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