Surveys of rice sold in Canada for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisins

Abstract

Approximately 200 samples of rice (including white, brown, red, black, basmati and jasmine, as well as wild rice) from several different countries, including the United States, Canada, Pakistan, India and Thailand, were analysed for aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA) and fumonisins by separate liquid Chromatographic methods in two different years. The mean concentrations for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were 0.19 and 0.17 ng g−1 with respective positive incidences of 56% and 43% (≥ the limit of detection (LOD) of 0.002 ng g−1). Twenty-three samples analysed in the second year also contained aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) at levels ≥LOD of 0.002 ng g−1 The five most contaminated samples in each year contained 1.44–7.14 ng AFB1 g−1 (year 1) and 1.45–3.48 ng AFB1 g−1 (year 2); they were mostly basmati rice from India and Pakistan and black and red rice from Thailand. The average concentrations of ochratoxin A (OTA) were 0.05 and 0.005 ng g−1 in year 1 and year 2, respectively; incidences of samples containing ≥LOD of 0.05 ng g−1 were 43% and 1%, respectively, in the 2 years. All positive OTA results were confirmed by LC-MS/MS. For fumonisins, concentrations of fumonisin B1 (FB1) averaged 4.5 ng g−1 in 15 positive samples (≥0.7 ng g−1) from year 1 (n = 99); fumonisin B2 (FB2) and fumonisin B3 (FB3) were also present (≥1 ng g−1). In the second year there was only one positive sample (14 ng g−1 FB1) out of 100 analysed. All positive FB1 results were confirmed by LC-MS/MS.

Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice samples from six provinces in China

“…The occurrence of AFs in rice has also been reported in a number of countries: Bangladesh (Dawlatana et al, 2002), Brazil (Almeida et al, 2012), China (Liu, Gao, & Yu, 2006;Wang & Liu, 2007), Canada (Bansal et al 2011), India (Reddy, Reddy, & Muralidharan, 2009), Korea (Ee OK et al, 2014;Park, Choi, Hwang, & Kim, 2005), Pakistan (Majeed, Iqbal, Asi, & Iqbal, 2013), Turkey (Aydin, Aksu, & Gunsen, 2011), Tunisia (Ghali, Hmaissia-Khlifa, Ghorbel, Maaroufi, & Hedili, 2008), Vietnam (Nguyen, Tozlovanu, Tran, & Pfohl-Leszkowicz, 2007) and the United States (Abbas & Shier, 2009). Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important human mycotoxins and are primarily produced by certain Aspergillus species, in particular Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.…”

“…The natural occurrence of OTA has been reported in temperate subtropical and tropical climates for several foods, including rice (Karin, Gunnar, & Karl, 1998). OTA occurrence in rice has been reported in the UK (Scudamore, Patel, & Breeze, 1999), Brazil (Almeida et al, 2012), Canada (Bansal et al, 2011), Vietnam (Nguyen et al, 2007), Korea (Park et al, 2005), Morocco (Juan, Zinedine, Idrissi, & Manes, 2008), Malaysia (Samsudin & Abdullah, 2013), Turkey (Aydin et al, 2011), Tunisia (Zaied et al, 2009) and Pakistan (Majeed et al, 2013).…”

The occurrence of ochratoxin A in white and parboiled rice

“…fumonisin (Makun et al 2011;Ortiz et al 2013;Rofiat et al 2015), aflatoxins (Nguyen et al 2007;Rahmani et al 2010;Aydin et al 2011;Makun et al 2011;Ortiz et al 2013;Lai et al 2014b;Rofiat et al 2015), but also beauvericin (Nazari et al 2015;Rofiat et al 2015), citrinin (Nguyen et al 2007;Rofiat et al 2015), patulin (Makun et al 2011), sterigmatocystin, moniliformin, fumonisin B 3 , cytochalasins (Rofiat et al 2015), enniatins (Nazari et al 2015), zearalenone (Rahmani et al 2010;Makun et al 2011;Lee et al 2015), deoxynivalenol (Dors et al 2011;Makun et al 2011;Ortiz et al 2013), and ochratoxin A (Pena et al 2005;Ghalia et al 2008;Juan et al, 2008;Frelund et al 2009;Buyukunal et al 2010;Rahmani et al 2010;Aydin et al 2011;Bansal et al 2011;Almeidaa et al 2012;Mosayebi & Mirzaee 2014;Rahimi 2014;Venkataramana et al 2015;Xianwen et al 2015). The rice parboiling process increases the migration of mineral salts by about 30% into parboiled rice (compared to white rice) during the soaking and boiling steps (Dors et al 2009).…”

Potential natural exposure of endangered red-crowned crane (Grus japonensis) to mycotoxins aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, and ochratoxin A

“…Seasonal weather patterns, preharvest, harvest, and storage conditions can place agricultural crops at risk for mycotoxin contamination (Schrödter, 2004;Georgiadou et al, 2012;Torres et al, 2014). Some studies have shown that rice not only contains considerable amounts of fungi but is also contaminated with mycotoxins (Park et al, 2005;Nguyen et al, 2007;Bansal et al, 2011;Qiu and Shi, 2014). The high rice contamination observed in this study probably resulted from environmental conditions, especially moisture and temperature, which are conducive to fungal growth and toxin bioproduction.…”