Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice samples from six provinces in China

Lai, Xianwen; Liu, Ruicen; Ruan, Chunqiang; He, Zaixing; Liu, Chenglan

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.029

Cited by 87 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In the latest survey conducted by Lai and others (), 370 rice samples were collected from 6 provinces (South China: Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan province; Northeast: Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Jilin province) in China and tested for AFs; 63.5% (235/370) of rice samples were reported to contain detectable amounts of AFs. In the positive samples, the average level of AFB 1 and total AFs were 0.60 and 0.65 μg/kg, respectively.…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As mentioned in the 2nd section, the survey of rice samples performed by Lai and others () not only included determination of AFs but also included OTA. Their results showed that 4.9% (18/370) of rice samples contained detectable amounts of OTA.…”

Section: Ochratoxin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of inappropriate storage conditions, such as high temperature and high humidity, rice can be an ideal growth substrate for fungi. In recent years, there have been a number of reports from various countries on the occurrence of fungal contamination in rice with high levels of aflatoxin (Tanaka and others ; Reddy and others ; Reddy and others , ; Reiter and others ; Aydin and others ; Bansal and others ; Hussaini and others ; Almeida and others ; Elena and others ; Ok and others ; Lai and others ). Due to a vast area of land in China, rice is widely cultivated under different climate conditions and extensively contaminated by various fungi.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China

Sun

Shan

2017

Journal of Food Science

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Mycotoxin contamination in rice is generally lower than in other cereals such as corn or wheat. However, over 65% of the population in China consumes rice as a staple food. Due to the diversity of the climate across China, the southern region is characterized by high temperatures and humidities, especially in rainy season. Such conditions are optimal for the growth of fungi. The accumulative and transferrable characteristics of fungi mycotoxins pose a great potential threat as confirmed by high incidences of liver cancer in the Yangtze delta region. Major mycotoxins identified in China are aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, as well as fumonisins. The contents of aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) in rice are varied among different provinces and regions and generally less than 5 µg/kg. Although high incidences of positive aflatoxins samples have widely been detected, few samples were detected as exceeding the national's maximum residue limit (10 µg/kg). Limited information is available on risk assessment of human health hazards of mycotoxins in rice, children should be paid more attention to due to their having the highest mycotoxins exposure level, although the risks are generally at low levels from rice. Mycotoxins are mainly distributed in the outer layer of the paddy rice (also called rough rice, referring to whole rice grain with the hulls), and the AFB 1 content in bran is 8.4 times greater than that in brown rice (hulled rice). Further investigation should focus on isolation and identification of mycotoxins-producing fungal strains, especially unknown mycotoxigenic fungal strains determination. Infection resistant rice breeding of mycotoxigenic fungal species may be a fundamental approach to guaranteeing rice safety in China.

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Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ochratoxin Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China

Sun

Shan

2017

Journal of Food Science

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“…Not surprisingly, it provides 20% of the world's dietary energy supply (Lai, Liu, Ruan, Zhang, & Liu, 2015). Therefore, the United Nations has launched a major international drive to increase production of rice, the staple food for more than half of the world's population, and introduced 2004 as the international year of rice (US Department of State, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of washing and cooking processes of rice for Ochratoxin A decrement by RSM

Mansouri-Nasrabadi

Milani

Nazari

2018

Food Science & Nutrition

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In this research, effects of washing and cooking processes on the decrease in ochratoxin A (OTA) residue in rice were investigated. Rice samples were washed one, two, and three times in the washing stage. Results showed that the washing stage was effective on OTA residue as 42.68% of OTA was removed. In the cooking stage, the effects of boiling time, salt content, and water‐to‐rice ratio on OTA residue were studied employing response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that time and salt content, interaction between time and salt content, and interaction between salt content and water‐to‐rice ratio were effective on the amount of OTA residue. According to the results, the optimum levels for boiling time, salt content, and water‐to‐rice ratio were 9.6 min, 3.5% salt, and 4:1, respectively. At these conditions, 76% of the OTA in rice was reduced.

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“…Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common type of mycotoxins produced by pink mold F. graminerarum . Ochratoxin is other types of mycotoxins mostly produced by Penicillium verrucosum, Aspergillus ochraceus, A. niger species (Lai et al, 2014). The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production and consumption, postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination of maize and to provide strategies to control and prevent postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination in Tanzania.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

Suleiman¹,

Rosentrater²

2015

2015 ASABE International Meeting

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Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of maize and to provide strategies to control and prevent postharvest losses and mycotoxins contamination in Tanzania. Agriculture is the backbone of Tanzanian economy. It accounts for about one-third of the gross domestic product (GDP), provides 85 percent of all exports and saves as a livelihood to over 80 percent of the total population. Maize is the primary staple crop; it's grown in nearly all agro-ecological zones in the country. Tanzania is a major maize producer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In the last four decades, Tanzania has ranked among the top 25 maize producing countries in the world. In the 2013/14 growing seasons Tanzania produced over half billion metric tons of maize of these maize smallholder farmers produced around 85%. Despite the steady production of maize over the past three decades, post-harvest losses of maize remained significant, up to 30-40 % in some rural areas. Post-harvest handling, poor infrastructure, weather variability, biotic factors such as insects and pests, bacteria, pathogens, viruses, and fungi, often aggravate such losses. Mycotoxin producing fungi pose a major risk. Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of fungi that frequently contaminate the maize in the field and/or during storage. Mycotoxin contamination of maize poses a health risk to humans and animals if not properly managed. The most important mycotoxins in Tanzania are the aflatoxins, fumonisins and Ochratoxin. The objective of this paper was to review current literature on the production trends, consumption, post-harvest losses, and mycotoxins contamination of mai...

show abstract

Occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in rice samples from six provinces in China

Cited by 87 publications

References 25 publications

Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China

Mycotoxin Contamination of Rice in China

Optimization of washing and cooking processes of rice for Ochratoxin A decrement by RSM

Current Maize Production, Postharvest Losses and the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Tanzania

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