Survey on the Status of Smoking Inside Eating Establishments in the Cities of Kobe and Amagasaki

Sato, Yukiyasu; Kita, Yoshio; Shimada, Masatoshi; Matsushita, Kiyomi; Fujiwara, Hisayoshi

doi:10.1253/circj.cj-17-0861

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…We found more restaurants and bars which serve mainly alcohol in the "staying separate or smoking" category than in the "changing from separate smoking or smoking to no smoking" in this study. Previous studies have shown that smoking bans were more prevalent in the mainly meals than the mainly alcohol restaurants and bars [11,12], and the present study found similar results. Indoor smoking is common in bars or pubs, and owners would be concerned about the possible reduction of customers or sales that would result from an indoor smoking ban.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Indoor smoking is common in bars or pubs, and owners would be concerned about the possible reduction of customers or sales that would result from an indoor smoking ban. [13] In Japan, the mainly alcohol restaurants and bars have traditionally been regarded as places where smoking is socially acceptable [12]. It appears that voluntary smoking bans in unregulated, mainly alcohol establishments may be less aggressively promoted than other service categories.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How much progress has been made toward a smoke-free environment in the restaurants and bars of Japan following enforcement of smoke-free legislation? Two years longitudinal study in Japan

Kataoka,

Muraki,

Nakamura

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background In April 2020, the revised Health Promotion Act and Tokyo Metropolitan Ordinance to prevent second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure was fully enforced. The government has provided an exemption for small-scale, existing establishments by allowing them ‘unregulated’ status, and it is unclear to what extent indoor smoking bans have been applied in these small bars and restaurants. In this study, we report on indoor smoking status before/after the enforcement of the current legislation both regulated and unregulated restaurants and bars. Methods Self-questionnaire surveys were conducted in March 2020 and 2021. We applied the questionnaire to 6,000 restaurants and bars in Tokyo, Osaka and Aomori in the first survey and to 3609 restaurants in the second survey, including those that had responded to the first survey as well as 2800 additional establishments. We calculated the proportions of indoor smoking status before/after enforcement both regulated and unregulated establishments. In addition, we calculated the national estimate of indoor smoking status in all restaurants and bars in Japan after the enforcement using a restaurant guide website and the results of this study. Results The responded establishments were 879 to the first (response rate: 14.7%) and 837 to the second (response rate: 23.2%). Of all the establishments, 67.0% kept “separate smoking or smoking” status, and 62.1% of unregulated establishments kept “separate smoking or smoking”. Although all the regulated establishments were required to change to “no smoking” by law, 78.4% that were “separate smoking or smoking” before the enforcement did not change their indoor smoking status. The national estimate of smoking status showed that the proportion of “no smoking” would change from 54.5% to 69.4% after the enforcement. If all regulated establishments changed smoking status to “no smoking”, the ideal proportion of “no smoking” would be 85.8% in Japan. Conclusions More unregulated restaurants and bars changed to “no smoking” than planned before the enforcement. In contrast, most of the regulated restaurants and bars continued to be “separate smoking or smoking” in non-compliance with the legislation. In order to prevent SHS exposure in all restaurants and bars, we need comprehensive legislation for indoor smoking bans in Japan.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much progress has been made toward a smoke-free environment in the restaurants and bars of Japan following enforcement of smoke-free legislation? Two years longitudinal study in Japan

Kataoka,

Muraki,

Nakamura

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…7 ) However, this lowering effect was not observed in other districts in Hyogo Prefecture and the difference was linked to significantly higher rates of recognition and compliance with the smoking ban among residents of Kobe-city where a prefectural government office is located. 8 However, most of the previous studies were on the short-term effects (i.e., within 3 years after the enactment of smoking ban legislation in public places) and the long-term effect has not been established. Therefore, this research was designed as a long-term follow-up of ACS hospitalizations under Hyogo-L from 2013 to 2019 using a large real-world administrative database to define whether the ACS reduction in Kobe-city and nonreduction in other areas has continued and whether the reducing effect in Kobe-city is different for patients with and without ACS risk factors such as smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies using questionnaires revealed that adherence and recognition to Hyogo-L in bars and restaurants were higher in Kobe-city than in Amagasaki-city in the Hanshin district with a significant difference. 8 As a result, the higher compliance with Hyogo-L in Kobe-city may have contributed to the long-term differences between Kobe-city and other districts. Also, this shows the significance of compliance and recognition among residents of smoking ban legislation with partial restrictions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Follow-up Study of Hospitalizations for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Kobe-City and Other Districts Under the Hyogo Smoking Ban Legislation　― A Nationwide Database Study ―

Nakai,

Iwanaga,

Sumita

et al. 2023

Circ J

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Background: Hyogo Prefecture has managed smoking ban legislation with partial restrictions in public places (Hyogo-L) since 2013. Previous studies have reported a significant decrease in admissions for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in Kobe-city, but not in other districts of Hyogo Prefecture in the 2 years after Hyogo-L. The aim of the present study was to define the long-term effect of Hyogo-L. Methods and Results:The JROAD-DPC dataset was used to collect information on the number of hospitalizations for ACS in Hyogo Prefecture, and in Osaka-city without smoking ban legislation, from April 2013 to March 2020. Poisson regression analysis was performed to calculate incident rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). ACS records of 3,101 in Kobe-city, 11,375 in areas of Hyogo Prefecture other than Kobe-city and 11,079 in Osaka-city were collected for admissions. The incidence of ACS reduced significantly over time in Kobe-city [IRR (95% CI); 0.96 (0.94-0.97)], but did not reduce in the others. The decrease in Kobe-city was observed in ACS patients without smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, but not in those with such risk factors. Conclusions:The long-term ACS reduction or non-reduction under Hyogo-L was determined at the initial period and the same scenario continued, supporting the importance of legislation and compliance with the smoking ban. The lowering effect was remarkable in ACS patients without risk factors such as non-smoking.

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Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries

Heenan,

Hart,

Cullerton

et al. 2024

BMC Public Health

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Context Public health law is an important tool in non-communicable disease (NCD) prevention. There are different approaches available for achieving policy objectives, including government, co-, quasi- and self-regulation. However, it is often unclear what legal design features drive successes or failures in particular contexts. This scoping review undertakes a descriptive analysis, exploring the design characteristics of legal instruments that have been used for NCD prevention and implemented and evaluated in OECD countries. Methods A scoping review was conducted across four health and legal databases (Scopus, EMBASE, MEDLINE, HeinOnline), identifying study characteristics, legal characteristics and regulatory approaches, and reported outcomes. Included studies focused on regulation of tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy foods and beverages, and environmental pollutants. Findings We identified 111 relevant studies evaluating 126 legal instruments. Evaluation measures most commonly assessed implementation, compliance and changes to the built and lived environment. Few studies evaluated health or economic outcomes. When examining the design and governance mechanisms of the included legal instruments, government regulation was most commonly evaluated (n = 90) and most likely to be reported effective (64%). Self-regulation (n = 27) and quasi-regulation (n = 5) were almost always reported to be ineffective (93% and 100% respectively). There were few co-regulated instruments evaluated (n = 4) with mixed effectiveness. When examining public health risks, food and beverages including alcohol were more likely to be self- or quasi-regulated and reported as ineffective more often. In comparison, tobacco and environmental pollutants were more likely to have government mandated regulation. Many evaluations lacked critical information on regulatory design. Monitoring and enforcement of regulations was inconsistently reported, making it difficult to draw linkages to outcomes and reported effectiveness. Conclusions Food and alcohol regulation has tended to be less successful in part due to the strong reliance on self- and quasi-regulation. More work should be done in understanding how government regulation can be extended to these areas. Public health law evaluations are important for supporting government decision-making but must provide more detail of the design and implementation features of the instruments being evaluated – critical information for policy-makers.

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Survey on the Status of Smoking Inside Eating Establishments in the Cities of Kobe and Amagasaki

Abstract: The rates of recognition and implementation of the complete smoking ban were significantly lower in Amagasaki City than in Kobe City. There needs to be a strong and continuous socialization campaign to promote the ordinance.

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

How much progress has been made toward a smoke-free environment in the restaurants and bars of Japan following enforcement of smoke-free legislation? Two years longitudinal study in Japan

How much progress has been made toward a smoke-free environment in the restaurants and bars of Japan following enforcement of smoke-free legislation? Two years longitudinal study in Japan

Long-Term Follow-up Study of Hospitalizations for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Kobe-City and Other Districts Under the Hyogo Smoking Ban Legislation　― A Nationwide Database Study ―

Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries

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Survey on the Status of Smoking Inside Eating Establishments in the Cities of Kobe and Amagasaki

Abstract: The rates of recognition and implementation of the complete smoking ban were significantly lower in Amagasaki City than in Kobe City. There needs to be a strong and continuous socialization campaign to promote the ordinance.

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

How much progress has been made toward a smoke-free environment in the restaurants and bars of Japan following enforcement of smoke-free legislation? Two years longitudinal study in Japan

How much progress has been made toward a smoke-free environment in the restaurants and bars of Japan following enforcement of smoke-free legislation? Two years longitudinal study in Japan

Long-Term Follow-up Study of Hospitalizations for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Kobe-City and Other Districts Under the Hyogo Smoking Ban Legislation ― A Nationwide Database Study ―

Legal and regulatory instruments for NCD prevention: a scoping review and descriptive analysis of evaluations in OECD countries

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Product

Resources

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Long-Term Follow-up Study of Hospitalizations for Acute Coronary Syndrome in Kobe-City and Other Districts Under the Hyogo Smoking Ban Legislation　― A Nationwide Database Study ―