Survey of Permethrin and Malathion Resistance in Human Head Lice Populations from Denmark

Kristensen, Michael; Knorr, Mette; Rasmussen, Anne-Marie; Jespersen, Jørgen B.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/43.3.533

Cited by 68 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…spotted typhus fever, Trench fever; Mehlhorn 2008;Heukelbach et al 2005). Therefore, louse control is an urgent task especially in times of intense globalization and intense growth of resistances against long-used insecticides (Kristensen et al 2006;Lebwohl and Levitt 2007). Therefore, new generations of anti-lice products have been developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovicidal effects of a neem seed extract preparation on eggs of body and head lice

et al. 2011

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The eggs (nits) of head and body lice (Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis) were incubated for 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 or 45 min into a neem seed extract contained in a fine shampoo formulation (e.g. Wash Away® Louse), which is known for its significant killing effects of larvae and adults of head lice. The aim of the study was to test whether the developmental stages inside the eggs are also killed after the incubation into the shampoo. It was found that an incubation time of only 5 min was sufficient to prohibit any hatching of larvae, whilst 93 ± 4% of the larvae in the untreated controls of body lice hatched respectively about 76% of the controls in the case of head lice. Apparently, the neem-based shampoo blocked the aeropyles of the eggs, thus preventing the embryos of both races of lice from accessing oxygen and from releasing carbon dioxide. Thus, this product offers a complete cure from head lice upon a single treatment, if the lice (motile stages, eggs) are fully covered for about 10 min.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovicidal effects of a neem seed extract preparation on eggs of body and head lice

et al. 2011

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“…This development has different backgrounds. On one side, there is an increasing spread of resistance of head lice against long-used insecticides such as permethrin, allethrin, malathion, etc., while other compounds (e.g., lindane, malathion) became recently forbidden in several countries (Burgess 2004;Clark 2009;Downs et al 2002;Durand et al 2007;Falagas et al 2008;Gao et al 2006;Kristensen et al 2006;Lebwohl et al 2007;MougabureCueto et al 2008;Yoon et al 2004;Mehlhorn 2008Mehlhorn , 2011. Furthermore, the groups of kids in the institutions have been enlarged, so that there are closer and more often hairto-hair contacts among the individuals (Burkhart and Burkhart 2001;Toloza et al 2009;Mumcuoglu et al 2009;Mougabure-Cueto and Picollo 2010;Bauer et al 2009;Meinking et al 2002;Lebwohl et al 2007;Mehlhorn and Mehlhorn 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a single treatment of head lice with a neem seed extract: an in vivo and in vitro study on nits and motile stages

et al. 2011

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An anti-louse shampoo (Licener®) based on a neem seed extract was tested in vivo and in vitro on its efficacy to eliminate head louse infestation by a single treatment. The hair of 12 children being selected from a larger group due to their intense infestation with head lice were incubated for 10 min with the neem seed extract-containing shampoo. It was found that after this short exposition period, none of the lice had survived, when being observed for 22 h. In all cases, more than 50-70 dead lice had been combed down from each head after the shampoo had been washed out with normal tap water. A second group of eight children had been treated for 20 min with identical results. Intense combing of the volunteers 7 days after the treatment did not result in the finding of any motile louse neither in the 10-min treated group nor in the group the hair of which had been treated for 20 min. Other living head lice were in vitro incubated within the undiluted product (being placed inside little baskets the floor of which consisted of a fine net of gauze). It was seen that a total submersion for only 3 min prior to washing 3× for 2 min with tap water was sufficient to kill all motile stages (larvae and adults). The incubation of nits at 30°C into the undiluted product for 3, 10, and 20 min did not show differences. In all cases, there was no eyespot development or hatching larvae within 7-10 days of observation. This and the fact that the hair of treated children (even in the short-time treated group of only 10 min) did not reveal freshly hatched larval stages of lice indicate that there is an ovicidal activity of the product, too.

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“…Pediculosis occurs primarily in school-aged children, but may affect all age groups and socioeconomic levels [1,2]. The recent international increase in the prevalence of pediculosis has been suggested to result from incorrect use of topical insecticides, and consequently growing resistance to commonly used pediculicides with a neurotoxic mode of action, such as those containing permethrin and malathion [3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo Development of Eggs from Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)

Sonnberg¹,

Oliveira²,

Melo³

et al. 2010

TODJ

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Abstract:Background: Data on ovicidal activity of pediculicides are essential to determine the efficacy of commercial products, and to define application schemes. We present an adaptation of historical methods for rearing head lice, and describe their development ex vivo.Methods: Adult head lice were collected and fed on volunteers to obtain fertile eggs of known age. Two methods of feeding were applied: interval feeding (performed every 8-12 hours), and continuous feeding (placing lice in a round Plexiglas receptacle, closed with gauze attached to the skin). Eggs were incubated at 25-28,6°C and 51,8% -69,3% relative humidity. The following outcome measures were used: appearance of eye spot; presence of embryonic structures; presence of embryonic movements; and hatching. A total of 340 eggs were obtained by continuous feeding. Of these, 205 were examined daily. The remaining 135 eggs and those obtained by interval feeding (n=159) were observed once, to confirm hatching status.Results: Eye spots of the embryos started to appear 6 days after oviposition (median = 7 days), and embryonic movements were first seen 9 days after oviposition (median =11 days). Interval feeding of head lice revealed a hatch rate of 10,7% (17/159), as compared to a hatch rate of 80,9% (275/340) achieved with continuous feeding. Hatching started 9 days after oviposition (median = 12 days). Skin irritation (papular rash; moderate to severe itching) appeared after continuous feeding of adult lice on volunteers.Conclusions: Continuous feeding of head lice on a human host is a suitable approach to obtain head lice eggs for ovicidal testing. The method is simple and cheap, offers conditions similar to the natural habitat, and hatch rates are high. However, side effects on volunteers are considerable.

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Survey of Permethrin and Malathion Resistance in Human Head Lice Populations from Denmark

Cited by 68 publications

References 22 publications

Ovicidal effects of a neem seed extract preparation on eggs of body and head lice

Ovicidal effects of a neem seed extract preparation on eggs of body and head lice

Efficacy of a single treatment of head lice with a neem seed extract: an in vivo and in vitro study on nits and motile stages

Ex Vivo Development of Eggs from Head Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis)

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