Surveillance of Nosocomial Infections at a Saudi Arabian Military Hospital for a One-Year Period

Abstract

The objectives of the current study are to define how many and what kind of nosocomial infections are occurring, what are the causative microbes and what kind of drugs can be used in treatment of infection at Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia during the year 2004. A prospective study was implemented for all cases admitted at Al-Hada Armed Forces Hospital during the period 1st January, 2004 till 31st December, 2004 and which developed infection. Determination of nosocomial infections was performed using standardized CDC criteria. A total of 1382 patients had developed infection during hospital admission and were included in the study. Of them, 668 (48.3%) had nosocomial infection and 714 (51.7%) had community-acquired infection. Among those who developed nosocomial infections, 216 (32.3%), 172 (25.7%) and 124 (18.6%) had respiratory tract (RTI), urinary tract (UTI) and blood stream infections (BSI) respectively. Surgical site infection (SSI) was reported in 86 cases (12.9%). The overall nosocomial infection rate along the study period was 4.98 per 100 discharged patients. Gram-positive organisms were reported in 31.8%. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant S. aureus) was the commonest (10.2%), followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (8.5%) and MSSA (Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, 7.4%). While Gram-negative organisms were reported in 66.2%, E. coli was the commonest (22.3%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17.6%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.9%). Acinetobacter spp. and MRSA were highly sensitive to Imipenem (88.6%) and Vancomycin (98.5%) respectively. E. coli were highly sensitive to most of the antimicrobial agents except ampicillin (26.6%). Conclusions: Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and blood stream infections made up the great majority of nosocomial infections. There is a need for further risk assessment associated with main types of infection.

Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors of Hospital Acquired Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase—Producing <i>Proteus</i> Species

“…The association between sex prevalence of Proteus spp showed that the rate among males and (23.6%) female agreed with Saudi Arabia reported by [24] (75.0%) males and (25.0%) females. The prevalence of ESBL producing Proteus spp was 13.1% lower than reported from India 24% [29], 31.1% [30] and Ghana 72.9% [28] and higher than France 6.9% reported by De Champs et al, [31].…”

“…This study, prevalence of ESBLs-producing Proteus spp was found to be high 5.1% compared to the prevalence recorded from Saudi Arabia (3.0%) [24] (2.9%) [25] and India (3.04%) [26] and (1.12%) [27] but this result was low compared to those reported from Ghana (8.4%) [28] with the 68.4%, 31.6% rate among the Proteus spp (P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris) respectively which similar to Indian studies (62.2%) P. mirabilis & (32.5%) P. vulgaris reported by Syntem et al, [29] and Ghana (61.5%) P. mirabilis & (30.5%) P. vulgaris [28].…”

Prevalence of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M among β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli isolated from tertiary care hospitals in Taif, Saudi Arabia

“…[28] Ampicillin was the least active with a resistance rate of 88.6%. The previous rate is relatively higher than the rate which reported by a recent performed in Taif [29] in which 73.4% of the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. This suggests an increase of 15.2% in the incidence of resistance to ampicillin over the last eleven years.…”

Perfil epidemiológico e análise microbiológica da infecção de sítio cirúrgico em pacientes humanos e animais de companhia

“…Garibaldi et al (1991) acompanharam ISC em pacientes humanos durante quatro anos, identificando em cultura de colheita intra-operatória os microrganismos Staphylococcus (78%) e Escherichia (11%). Já Abdel-Fattah (2005) isolou Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Citrobacter e Enterobacter, identificando maior taxa de bactérias Gram-negativas em comparação às Gram-positivas, concordando com os dados encontrados no hospital humano. Já Ishii et al (2011) ao realizarem estudo em hospital veterinário, detectaram maiores taxas de bactérias Gram-positivas em comparação às Gram-negativas, concordando com os dados encontrados no hospital veterinário.…”