Surveillance of Class I Newcastle Disease Virus at Live Bird Markets and Commercial Poultry Farms in Eastern China Reveals the Epidemic Characteristics

Lü, Xiaolong; Wang, Xiaoquan; Zhan, Tiansong; Sun, Yifan; Wang, Xin; Xu, Naiqing; Liao, Tianxing; Chen, Yu; Gu, Minghong; Hu, Shunlin

doi:10.1007/s12250-021-00357-z

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Poultry carrying the virus, serving as a mobile mutational pool for NDV, makes outbreaks of new genotypes more likely. Previous studies have shown that 1.1.2 is the prevalent sub-genotype of poultry in East China [ 14 , 40 ] and South China [ 41 ] since 2008, and the present study further confirmed that 1.1.2 is also the dominant sub-genotype in central China. The most recent common ancestor of NDV in central China originated in East and South China around 2008, indicating that class I NDV has spilled over from the epicenter to the periphery and become the dominant genotype of LPMs in China.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Circulation, genomic characteristics, and evolutionary dynamics of class I Newcastle disease virus in China

Jia

Liang

et al. 2022

Virulence

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Newcastle disease caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is one of the most serious threats to chickens and has two clinical forms, typical and atypical, caused by velogenic and lentogenic strains, respectively. To control the epidemic, many vaccines against velogenic class II NDVs have been introduced worldwide, but this has led to accelerated mutation of class II viruses under immune pressure and, on the other hand, to non-vaccine targeting class I NDVs becoming the dominant population in poultry. In this context, this study provided the first large-scale genomic epidemiological and quasispecies dynamic analysis of class I NDVs in China, and found that class I viruses that first appeared in East and South China have spread to central China and become the dominant class with an average evolutionary rate of 1.797 × 10 −3 . In addition, single nucleotide polymorphism and intra-host single nucleotide variation analyses show that HN and P genes have high mutation rates and may act as front-runners for NDV to expand their host range and enhance their virulence. This study also found that the class I NDV population has accumulated a number of mutations under positive selection and that six isolates with shortened C-terminal extensions of the HN protein are evolving toward increased virulence. These results not only enrich the research resources but also help us to better understand the dynamic evolution and mutational trends of NDV at the genomic level, which is crucial for monitoring, early warning, and controlling the outbreak of Newcastle disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Circulation, genomic characteristics, and evolutionary dynamics of class I Newcastle disease virus in China

Jia

Liang

et al. 2022

Virulence

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“…NDV strains can be divided into distinct classes (classes I and II). Class I viruses have a single genotype and are frequently isolated from wild birds and live poultry markets (Chen et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2021). Class II viruses comprise most virulent and some avirulent NDVs with at least 20 genotypes (I to XXI, no XV) having been identified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity assessment of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 circulating in China during 2007–2019

Zhan

Lü

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV‐1) is an antigenic variant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which is mainly associated with infections of pigeons and has the potential to result in disease in chickens. In this study, we characterised 21 PPMV‐1 isolates from diseased pigeons in China during 2007–2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all isolates belonged to genotype VI. Among them, most isolates belonged to sub‐genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2, suggesting that VI.2.1.1.2.2 has become a prevalent genotype in pigeons in China. The results showed that all PPMV‐1 isolates were mesogenic in nature according to the mean death time (MDT) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI). In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that two genetically closely related isolates (Pi‐11 and Pi‐10) both of which belonged to sub‐genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 had similar replication kinetics in cells derived from pigeons, while the replication titre of Pi‐11 was significantly higher than that of Pi‐10 in cells derived from chickens. Pi‐11 and Pi‐10 could contribute to morbidity and mortality in pigeons. Remarkably, although the two viruses resulted in no apparent disease symptom in chickens, Pi‐11 could cause more severe histopathological lesions and had a stronger replication ability in chickens compared to Pi‐10. Moreover, chickens infected with Pi‐11 had higher shedding efficiency than chickens infected with Pi‐10. Additionally, several mutations within important functional regions of the fusion (F) and haemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (HN) proteins might be associated with different pathogenicity of the two viruses in chickens. Collectively, these results indicated that the Pi‐11‐like virus of pigeon origin has the potential to induce severe outbreaks in chicken flocks. These findings will help us better understand the epidemiology and evolution of PPMV‐1 in China and serve as a foundation for the further investigation of the mechanism underlying the pathogenic difference of PPMV‐1 isolates in chickens.

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“…NDV isolates are phylogenetically categorized into two distinct classes, class I and class II (9). Class I viruses comprise a single genotype and are frequently isolated from wild birds and domestic waterfowls (10)(11)(12). Class II viruses have emerged as a major cause of ND outbreaks worldwide and can be segregated into 20 genotypes (I to XXI, no XV) (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Characterization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 in China

Zhan

Lü

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) is considered as an antigenic variant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) which has an obvious host preference for pigeons and has caused significant economic losses to the global poultry industry. The evolutionary dynamics of PPMV-1 in China, however, are poorly understood. In this study, we characterized seven PPMV-1 isolates from diseased pigeons collected in Jiangsu, Anhui, and Henan provinces during 2020. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that seven isolates belonged to sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2. Biological characterization indicated that seven isolates were mesogenic based on the mean death time (69.6–91.2 h) and intracerebral pathogenicity index (1.19–1.40) and had similar growth kinetics in chicken embryos and CEFs. Furthermore, the four representative viruses (AH/01/20/Pi, JS/06/20/Pi, HN/01/20/Pi, and HN/02/20/Pi) could result in marked cytopathic effects (CPE) in CEFs and induced syncytium formation in Vero cells. Our Bayesian phylogenetic analysis showed that PPMV-1 might first emerge in East China in 1974 and East China had the highest genotypic diversity of PPMV-1. Besides, phylogeographic analysis indicated that East China and South China were probably the major epicenters of dissemination of PPMV-1 in China. Selection pressure analysis and amino acid substitutions analysis revealed that the viral replication complex (NP, P, and L proteins) was likely related with the host preference of PPMV-1. Collectively, this study uncovered the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of PPMV-1 circulating in China, emphasizing the importance of strengthening the monitoring of PPMV-1 in East China and South China and providing significant clues for further studies on the molecular mechanism underlying host preference of PPMV-1.

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Surveillance of Class I Newcastle Disease Virus at Live Bird Markets and Commercial Poultry Farms in Eastern China Reveals the Epidemic Characteristics

Cited by 6 publications

References 18 publications

Circulation, genomic characteristics, and evolutionary dynamics of class I Newcastle disease virus in China

Circulation, genomic characteristics, and evolutionary dynamics of class I Newcastle disease virus in China

Phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity assessment of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 circulating in China during 2007–2019

Biological Characterization and Evolutionary Dynamics of Pigeon Paramyxovirus Type 1 in China

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