Surveillance of Anaemia: Mapping and Grading the High Risk Territories and Populations

Challa, Sairam; Amirapu, Pallavi

doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/18107.7915

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Table 2 presents the observed prevalence of anaemia, malaria and both anaemia and malaria according to the categorical variables of interest. To aid in the assessment of anaemia as a public health problem, anaemia was categorized into four by the WHO, where it is considered a severe health problem if the prevalence is 40% or more, moderate from 20 to 39.9%, mild from 5 to 19.9%, and no public health problem if the prevalence is less than or equal to 4.9% [ 40 ]. According to these classifications, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda have a severe public health problem.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copula geoadditive modelling of anaemia and malaria in young children in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda

Roberts

Zewotir

2020

J Health Popul Nutr

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Background Anaemia and malaria are the leading causes of sub-Saharan African childhood morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to explore the complex relationship between anaemia and malaria in young children across the districts or counties of four contiguous sub-Saharan African countries, namely Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda, while accounting for the effects of socio-economic, demographic and environmental factors. Geospatial maps were constructed to visualise the relationship between the two responses across the districts of the countries. Methods A joint bivariate copula regression model was used, which estimates the correlation between the two responses conditional on the linear, non-linear and spatial effects of the explanatory variables considered. The copula framework allows the dependency structure between the responses to be isolated from their marginal distributions. The association between the two responses was set to vary according to the district of residence across the four countries. Results The study revealed a positive association between anaemia and malaria throughout the districts, the strength of which varied across the districts of the four countries. Due to this heterogeneous association between anaemia and malaria, we further considered the joint probability of each combination of outcome of anaemia and malaria to further reveal more about the relationship between the responses. A considerable number of districts had a high joint probability of a child being anaemic but not having malaria. This might suggest the existence of other significant drivers of childhood anaemia in these districts. Conclusions This study presents an alternative technique to joint modelling of anaemia and malaria in young children which assists in understanding more about their relationship compared to techniques of multivariate modelling. The approach used in this study can aid in visualising the relationship through mapping of their correlation and joint probabilities. These maps produced can then help policy makers target the correct set of interventions, or prevent the use of incorrect interventions, particularly for childhood anaemia, the causes of which are multiple and complex.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Copula geoadditive modelling of anaemia and malaria in young children in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda

Roberts

Zewotir

2020

J Health Popul Nutr

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“…The exclusion of such factors, which are largely sex-specific, may account for the lower adjusted R-squared value in the female linear regression model. Additional excluded factors include malaria, schistosomiasis, HIV, and soil transmitted helminths (e.g., hookworm infections) [ 15 ]. These diseases have the potential to significantly impair iron absorption or induce blood loss [ 52 ] in both sexes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering anemia affects individuals of both sexes and all ages, there is a need for localized and context-specific studies to improve our knowledge of prevalence patterns and associated risk factors among general populations of adults, including nonpregnant women and men, in rural regions of India. This is particularly important in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, where anemia remains a severe public health problem across many districts [ 15 ] despite the existence of one of the most long-standing and robust social protection frameworks in the country, particularly with respect to food and nutrition schemes [ 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burden and Determinants of Anemia in a Rural Population in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Little

Zivot

Humphries

et al. 2018

Anemia

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Background/Objectives To determine the prevalence and determinants of blood haemoglobin level and mild, moderate, and severe anemia in a sample of adults from rural Tamil Nadu, India. Subjects/Methods We recruited a sample of men and nonpregnant women aged 20 years and older. Clinical health measures included blood haemoglobin concentration and body mass index. We assessed associations between anemia outcomes and sociodemographic and dietary factors using linear and logistic regression modeling. Results A total of 753 individuals (412 women and 341 men) participated in this study. The prevalence of anemia was 57.2% among women and 39.3% among men (P<0.001). Prevalence of anemia increased with age among men (P<0.001) but not women (P>0.05). Iron intake was low; 11.7% women and 24.1% of men reported iron intakes above recommended dietary allowances (P<0.001). Factors (OR (95% CI)) associated with mild or moderate anemia among women included television ownership (0.27 (0.13, 0.58)), livestock ownership (0.46 (0.28, 0.75)), refined grain consumption (1.32 (1.02, 1.72)), meat consumption (0.84 (0.71, 0.99)), and commercial agriculture production (mild: 4.6 (1.1, 18.8); moderate: 6.8 (1.98, 23.1)). Factors associated with mild, moderate, or severe anemia among men included rurality (0.50 (0.25, 0.99)), sugar consumption (1.04 (1.01, 1.06)), egg consumption (0.80 (0.65, 0.99)), and high caste (7.3 (1.02, 52.3)). Conclusion Both women and men in this region may be particularly vulnerable to anemia, and future research must expand beyond dietary risk factors to examine the impacts of sociodemographic and environmental factors.

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“…Anaemia during pregnancy is an important public health problem especially in developing countries, due to its association in increasing morbidity in any complication associated with pregnancy [1] . According to population studies a prevalence of anaemia  40% is considered a severe public health problem [2] . Globally, 56% of pregnant women in low-and middle-income countries have anaemia [1] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal anaemia, intra uterine growth restriction and neonatal outcomes

Ganju¹

2020

Int. J. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol.

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Background: Anaemia with intra uterine growth restriction (IUGR) may aggravate adverse neonatal outcomes like preterm birth, low birth weight, high perinatal morbidity and mortality along with negative long-term sequelae. Objective: The objective of this study was to find an association between maternal anaemia in clinically diagnosed IUGR pregnancies with neonatal outcomes. Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in which one hundred and twenty consecutive clinically suspected cases of singleton IUGR pregnancies at 34-40 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Their sociodemographic profile and hemoglobin levels were recorded. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed. Results: Of 120 study subjects with IUGR at 34-40 weeks, 68% were anaemic, (47% had mild, 20% had moderate, 1% had severe anaemia) while 32% were not anaemic. Significantly, the ratio of anaemic to non anaemic in antenatal IUGR pregnancies was 2.1:1. A birth weight of less than 2.5 kgs was recorded in 94.44% of pregnancies with moderate anaemia and 73.68% pregnancies with mild anaemia. Forty-three babies required admission to NICU with a duration of 2-7 days of which 46.51% (n=20)) were born to mothers with Hb less than 11g/dl. Conclusion: Moderate to severe anaemia in IUGR may increase the chances of low birth weight and adverse neonatal outcomes but larger studies with standardized definitions and measurements of exposure outcomes to bring about uniformity are required to determine an accurate assessment of association between low maternal hemoglobin and IUGR.

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Surveillance of Anaemia: Mapping and Grading the High Risk Territories and Populations

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Copula geoadditive modelling of anaemia and malaria in young children in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda

Copula geoadditive modelling of anaemia and malaria in young children in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda

Burden and Determinants of Anemia in a Rural Population in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Maternal anaemia, intra uterine growth restriction and neonatal outcomes

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