“…Despite the development of this and other evaluation frameworks for surrogates (IQWiG, 2011;Lassere et al, 2012), empirical evidence on their application or uptake by HTA agencies or payers is scarce (Ortiz et al, 2021). Furthermore, the traditional focus of the use and application of surrogate endpoints has been in the licensing and coverage of drugs and biologics with little application to other medical technologies, particularly medical devices (Ciani et al, 2016(Ciani et al, , 2017.…”