Surprising SES Gradients in Mortality, Health, and Biomarkers in a Latin American Population of Adults

Rosero-Bixby, Luis; Dow, William H.

doi:10.1093/geronb/gbn004

Cited by 113 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Earlier research has shown that in Costa Rica SES disparities in adult health are small, null, or even contrary to the expected negative SES gradients (17). This article systematically compares the SES gradients in adult mortality and health risk factors in newly compiled Costa Rican data with comparable data in the United States, namely the National Longitudinal Mortality Studies (NLMS) in the two countries, the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES), and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 88%

Exploring why Costa Rica outperforms the United States in life expectancy: A tale of two inequality gradients

Rosero-Bixby

Dow

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Mortality in the United States is 18% higher than in Costa Rica among adult men and 10% higher among middle-aged women, despite the several times higher income and health expenditures of the United States. This comparison simultaneously shows the potential for substantially lowering mortality in other middleincome countries and highlights the United States' poor health performance. The United States' underperformance is strongly linked to its much steeper socioeconomic (SES) gradients in health. Although the highest SES quartile in the United States has better mortality than the highest quartile in Costa Rica, US mortality in its lowest quartile is markedly worse than in Costa Rica's lowest quartile, providing powerful evidence that the US health inequality patterns are not inevitable. High SES-mortality gradients in the United States are apparent in all broad cause-of-death groups, but Costa Rica's overall mortality advantage can be explained largely by two causes of death: lung cancer and heart disease. Lung cancer mortality in the United States is four times higher among men and six times higher among women compared with Costa Rica. Mortality by heart disease is 54% and 12% higher in the United States than in Costa Rica for men and women, respectively. SES gradients for heart disease and diabetes mortality are also much steeper in the United States. These patterns may be partly explained by much steeper SES gradients in the United States compared with Costa Rica for behavioral and medical risk factors such as smoking, obesity, lack of health insurance, and uncontrolled dysglycemia and hypertension.adult mortality | socioeconomic status | inequality |

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 88%

Exploring why Costa Rica outperforms the United States in life expectancy: A tale of two inequality gradients

Rosero-Bixby

Dow

2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Better educated and wealthier individuals have sometimes higher rates of metabolic syndrome (8). However, less educated persons are generally more likely to display other risk factors (smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high fat diet, overweight) (9).…”

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confidence: 99%

Several anthropometric predictors of cardiovascular disease in central Slovakian adults: socioeconomic and educational differences

Hujova

Rostakova²

2012

BLL

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Background: Slovak inhabitants are considered at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).Objective: The aim of the study was to describe the social and educational differences in relation to anthropometric CVD risk factors among central Slovakian adults. Participants: The study population consisted of 100 probands from the central Slovakian region of Orava (50 males and 50 females). According to their social background they were classifi ed as those with high (15 %), average (71 %) or low socioeconomic status (14 %). According to their education they were classifi ed as those having completed only primary education (15 %) secondary education graduates (69 %) or university graduates (16 %). Methods: Anthropometric measurements, including weight, height, waist and hip circumference, triceps and subscapular skinfold were used to calculate body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and percentage body fat. Measured blood pressure (BP) was used to classify for hypertension. Results: The probands with high socioeconomic status show the highest means of body fat percentage (24.53 ± 3.11 %) and blood pressure (with 53 % prevalence of hypertension and 60 % of stress); the population with low socioeconomic status had the highest prevalence of cigarette smoking (57.1 %), physical inactivity (64.3 %) and CVD family history (78.6 %). The highest means of BMI (25.48 ± 3.26 kg/m 2 ) were determined in participants with university education (they also show the highest stress rate at 46.7 %). The population with primary education show the highest means of WHR (0.89 ± 0.13) and sBP (138.44 ± 19.64 mmHg), and the highest prevalence of hypertension (56.3 %), physical inactivity (62.5 %) and CVD family history (81.3 %).

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“…Cabe señalar que se registraron puntuaciones medias y altas con respecto a las escalas que evaluaban percepción de apoyo en tres aspectos: a) apoyo familiar (con las personas con las que viven y familia extensa), b) amistades y c) ellas mismas como sujetos para otorgar apoyo a las demás personas (confianza). La mayoría de participantes conviven con su pareja e hijos, lo que habla de la conformación familiar tradicional en el esquema de vida de las personas adultas mayores residentes en Costa Rica (Fernández & Robles, 2006;Rosero-Bixby & Dow, 2009). …”

Section: Tabla 3 Descriptivos Variables Medidas Según Escalas E íNdicunclassified

Predictores socio-emocionales y cognitivos: su papel en la comprensión del envejecimiento con éxito en el contexto costarricense

Molina

Villanea

2017

Univ Psychol

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Para citar este artículo: Blanco Molina, M., & Salazar Villanea, M. (2017). Predictores socioemocionales y cognitivos: su papel en la comprensión del envejecimiento con éxito en el contexto costarricense. Universitas Psychologica, 16(1) RESUMENTomando en cuenta las teorías del envejecimiento con éxito, este estudio se orientó hacia la identificación y el análisis de las características que presentan personas adultas mayores con altos niveles de actividad y participación social residentes en Costa Rica. El estudio contó con 191 participantes con edades entre 55 y 87 años (M = 68.5, DE = 6.9) que habitan en el área metropolitana y participan en programas dirigidos a personas mayores en cursos de computación, idiomas, actividad física, arte, entre otros. Mediante modelos lineales, se evidenció la importancia de las condiciones sociales, emocionales y cognitivas como las mejores variables predictoras del nivel de actividad en la muestra estudiada: a) variables emocionales como autoeficacia percibida, emociones positivas, satisfacción con la vida, control personal, adecuadas redes de apoyo; b) características cognitivas como funciones ejecutivas preservadas; c) percepción subjetiva de salud y d) características sociodemográficas como nivel educativo e ingresos. El estudio permite funcionar como línea base, a nivel teórico y metodológico, del envejecimiento con éxito en Costa Rica. Describe los estilos de vida activos en la vejez de los participantes costarricenses, caracterizados primordialmente por la participación en relaciones sociales y ocio, más que por actividades de tipo cognitivas y físicas o vinculadas al logro personal.Palabras clave persona adulta mayor; variables socioemocionales; variables cognitivas; envejecimiento con éxito. ABSTRACTThe present study was aimed at identifying and analyzing the characteristics of older people with high levels of activity and social participation living in Costa Rica, from perspectives like the Successful Aging approach. It also addresses the classical criteria of successful aging theories and their scope in Costa Rican culture. 191 participants between the ages of 55 and 87 (M = 68.5, SD = 6.9) who live in the metropolitan area and participate in programs of the Costa Rican Gerontological Association and the Program for the older people at the University of Costa Rica (in computer courses, languages courses, physical activity, art, among others). Linear models analysis has shown that social, emotional and cognitive factors are the best predictors of the level of activity in

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Surprising SES Gradients in Mortality, Health, and Biomarkers in a Latin American Population of Adults

Cited by 113 publications

References 24 publications

Exploring why Costa Rica outperforms the United States in life expectancy: A tale of two inequality gradients

Exploring why Costa Rica outperforms the United States in life expectancy: A tale of two inequality gradients

Several anthropometric predictors of cardiovascular disease in central Slovakian adults: socioeconomic and educational differences

Predictores socio-emocionales y cognitivos: su papel en la comprensión del envejecimiento con éxito en el contexto costarricense

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