Surgical Treatment of Atherosclerotic Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery*

Long-term results and outcomes of crossover axilloaxillary bypass grafting: A 24-year experience

“…38,39 Carotid-subclavian bypass grafting procedures have extremely low mortality rates (1.9%) and optimal primary patency rates (95%). [40][41][42] However, several authors [43][44][45][46][47] have criticized this reconstruction and proposed the subclavian-carotid transposition. Subclavian-carotid transposition offers some advantages over carotid-subclavian bypass grafting, such as the avoidance of prosthetic materials, which thus annuls the risk of infection (0.0% vs 1.5%), 41 and the decrease of myointimal hyperplasia formation because of the similar vessel diameters.…”

Extracranial-intracranial bypass approach to cerebral revascularization: a historical perspective

“…An end-to-side suture of the nylon shunt to the subclavian artery was performed, and the shunt was tunneled under the sternocleidomastoid and sutured end-to-side into the ICA. 28 As more surgeons mastered blood vessel reconstruction surgery and bypass procedures, research focuses shifted toward microsurgery and utilization of the operating microscope. Originally introduced in 1922 by Swedish otologist Carl Olof Nylén, the operating microscope helped debunk the prevailing thought of the 1950s that anastomosis on vessels less than 5 or 6 mm in diameter was not feasible.…”

From Hippocrates to Palmaz-Schatz, The History of Carotid Surgery

“…In August 1956, Lyons and Galbraith used the method of subclavian-to-common carotid graft to bypass a proximal common carotid occlusion employing a vascular prosthesis manufactured of nylon. 62 Side-to-side anastomosis between the external and internal carotid arteries to relieve occlusion of blood flow was performed by Wagner in 1958. In the same year, replacement of the carotid was performed with Dacron by Fields, Crawford, and DeBakey 63,64 and with homograft by Roberts and associates in 1958 65 and by Van Allen and associates a year later.…”