Surgical mask dermatitis caused by formaldehyde (releasers) during the <scp>COVID</scp>‐19 pandemic

Aerts, Olivier; Dendooven, Ella; Foubert, Kenn; Stappers, Sofie; Ulicki, Michal; Lambert, Julien

doi:10.1111/cod.13626

Cited by 72 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…2 A case of occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by formaldehyde and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (bronopol) contained in a polypropylene surgical mask was published. 3 In another Chinese study, it was observed a significant increased flare of acne in individuals with long-time mask wearing (>4 hours per day over 2 months). The authors hypothesized that this condition is due to high temperature of the face covered by the mask that induces an increased sebum excretion rate: The latter increases by 10% for each 1°C rise.…”

Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the last few weeks, some articles have been published on cases of dermatitis of the face associated with the use of anti‐COVID‐19 masks 1‐5 . In a Chinese study, it was observed that 49% of subjects reported skin reactions on the face related to mask.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, subjects who wore masks for many hours per day reported itching more frequently 2 . A case of occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by formaldehyde and 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol (bronopol) contained in a polypropylene surgical mask was published 3 . In another Chinese study, it was observed a significant increased flare of acne in individuals with long‐time mask wearing (>4 hours per day over 2 months).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Seborrheic dermatitis and anti‐COVID‐19 masks

Veraldi

Angileri

Barbareschi

2020

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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In Milan, Italy, after the end of the lockdown period (March and April 2020), we observed several patients with seborrheic dermatitis (SD) who showed a more or less important worsening of their disease. All patients used anti‐coronavirus‐19 (COVID‐19) face mask for many hours per day. According to the clinical point of view, the worsening was characterized by increased erythema and desquamation as well as itching worsened. In the last few weeks, some articles have been published on cases of dermatitis of the face associated with the use of anti‐COVID‐19 masks. Some authors hypothesized that this condition is due to high temperature of the face covered by the mask, that induces an increased sebum excretion rate. In our patients with SD, it is possible that high temperature of the face induces abnormalities of microbiota (proliferation of Malassezia spp.?) and permeability of skin barrier, and increases sweating with irritant action and worsening of itching.

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Section: Dear Editormentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Seborrheic dermatitis and anti‐COVID‐19 masks

Veraldi

Angileri

Barbareschi

2020

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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“…Figure 2 illustrates peri-auricular ACD related to surgical mask wear and positive PT reaction to textile dye mix at the 72-h reading. Other identified contact allergens include polyurethanes (toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, hexamethylene diisocyanate) and formaldehyde-releasing preservatives (formaldehyde, 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) [ 97 , 98 ]. Trace amounts of formaldehyde can be present in polypropylene masks as a degradation by-product [ 99 ].…”

Section: Dermatologic Conditions Related To the Covid-19 Pandemicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Manifestations in Adult Patients with COVID-19 and Dermatologic Conditions Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Health Care Workers

Mawhirt

Frankel

Diaz³

2020

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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Purpose of Review COVID-19 (coronavirus viral disease 2019), due to the novel SARS-CoV-2, may present with different types of cutaneous manifestations of varying pathophysiology. During the ongoing pandemic, publications reporting dermatologic findings in COVID-19 continue to emerge. Recent Findings Cutaneous vasculopathy and microthrombus-related changes including acral and sacral lesions, retiform purpura, livedo reticularis, and cutaneous vasculitis are notable findings in adult patients. Other exanthems include urticaria or angioedema, morbilliform/maculopapular exanthems, erythema multiforme, and vesicular eruptions. Increased recognition of these findings, especially those consistent with cutaneous microthrombi or vasculitis, is of particular importance. Additionally, occupational dermatologic disease related to extended personal protective equipment (PPE) use, such as skin damage and irritant or allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), represents another emerging problem amidst the pandemic. Summary In this review, we highlight the various cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 in adult patients and occupational dermatitis in health care workers (HCWs) caring for this patient population. Keywords COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2. Cutaneous manifestations. Dermatologic. Rash. Contact dermatitis Abbreviations AAD American Academy of Dermatology ACD Allergic contact dermatitis ACE2 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 AD Atopic dermatitis AGEP Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome COVID-19 Coronarvirus viral disease 2019 CSSV Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis DIC Disseminated intravascular coagulation DiHS/DRESS Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome/drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms HCW Health care worker ICD Irritant contact dermatitis ITP Immune thrombocytopenic purpura PPE Personal protective equipment PT Patch test RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 SDRIFE Symmetrical drug-related intertriginous and flexural exanthema This article is part of the Topical Collection on Allergic Skin Diseases

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“…Unlike irritant contact dermatitis, body parts other than the contact area are also involved as in this case such as forehead and neck. A case with facial ACD due to formaldehyde and bronopol in a polypropylene surgical mask mimicked a flare-up of rosacea (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%