Surface water quality management for drinking use in El‐Beheira Governorate, Egypt

Abstract

This research was initiated to assess and manage water quality status of fourteen surface drinking water intakes in El‐Beheira Governorate, Egypt. The study was conducted on four main branches of water resources in the governorate. Three water quality indices (WQIs) and two multivariate statistical techniques were applied, based on the Egyptian guidelines for the Nile River. Water quality records were collected for two successive years, 2014 and 2015, and were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The results revealed the critical water quality status of the four branches at the fourteen intakes. The multivariate statistical techniques returned the critical water quality conditions to the agricultural drainage and the domestic wastewater discharges. In addition, a new software application was developed to manage WQIs calculation. An urgent water quality monitoring and assessment system should be initiated for the drinking water resources all over Egypt, based on the developed water quality assessment techniques of this study. Practitioner points Three different WQIs and two different statistics tools were applied. Critical water quality status for the investigated surface drinking water intakes was reported. Agricultural drainage then domestic effluents are the main pollution sources. A new software application was developed to calculate WQIs to support decision makers.

Assessment of the Present State and Future Fate of River Saraswati, India: Water Quality Indices and Forecast Models as Diagnostic and Management Tools

“…On the other hand, in PR-2, the forecast CCMEWQI value (after 25 quarters, i.e., since 2025) always remained below 44, which implicated a perennially "poor" water quality status with a gradually degrading trend irrespective of the seasons. [27,49] Thus, the CCMEWQI projects a bleak future for the river Saraswati facing a looming crisis of an irreversible shift in its degraded water quality from "dying" to "dead" state, which would compromise the structural and functional integrity of the riverine ecosystem, with catastrophic consequences in rendering its ecosystem ser-vices. The degradation of water quality of river Saraswati finds resemblance to Jalangi River, a tributary of the Ganga River, which is primarily impacted by similar agricultural activities, domestic/municipal waste/wastewater discharges, and land use and land cover (LULC) changes.…”

“…CCMEWQI is based on three measurements: factor 1 (F1) represents the scope, factor 2 (F2) represents the mean frequency, and factor 3 (F3) represents the amplitude. [ 49 ] The values of F1, F2, and F3 are calculated using Equation (2) that follows CCME [ 50 ] $$$$\begin{eqnarray}{\rm{F}}1 &=& \frac{{{\rm{Number\ of\ failed\ variables}}}}{{{\rm{\ Total\ number\ of\ variables}}}} \times 100,\nonumber\\ {\rm{F}}2 &=& \frac{{{\rm{Number\ of\ failed\ tests\ }}}}{{{\rm{Total\ number\ of\ tests}}}} \times 100,\nonumber\\ {\rm{F}}3 &=& \frac{{nse\ }}{{{\rm{0}}{\rm{.01}}\,{\rm{n}}se{\rm{ + 0}}{\rm{.01}}}}\end{eqnarray}$$$$where nse stands for normalized sum excursion, which is derived as the ratio between the sum of excursion and the total number of tests. Finally, the value of CCMEWQI was calculated by using the following equation $$$$\begin{equation}{\rm{CCMEWQI\ }} = 100 - \frac{{\sqrt {F_1^2 + F_2^2 + F_3^2} }}{{1.732}}\end{equation}$$$$…”

“…CCMEWQI is based on three measurements: factor 1 (F1) represents the scope, factor 2 (F2) represents the mean frequency, and factor 3 (F3) represents the amplitude. [49] The values of F1, F2, and F3 are calculated using Equation ( 2) that follows CCME [50]…”

Evaluation of oral and dermal health risk exposures of contaminants in groundwater resources for nine age groups in two densely populated districts, Nigeria

“…In certain arid and semi-arid regions, groundwater is the sole source of drinking water for communities. Water supply has faced more challenges in recent decades, particularly in terms of management and the depletion of freshwater supplies [ [5] , [6] , [7] ]. Overexploitation, geomorphic, hydrological, mineralization, water-rock interactions, including ion exchange, redox reactions, and human impacts are all elements that affect groundwater quality [ [8] , [9] , [10] ].…”

Assessment of Urban Water Quality, Al-Lahyan Water Treatment Plant, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia

“…According to Sutadian et al [15], the Canadian water quality index (CCME-WQI) was ranked as the first, out of 30 used WQIs for rivers . This ranking of CCME-WQI returns to selection of WQ variables and considered standards [16]. Recently, WQI approach were applied for numerous water quality studies in Saudi Arabia [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”