Evaluation of oral and dermal health risk exposures of contaminants in groundwater resources for nine age groups in two densely populated districts, Nigeria

Heavy metal contamination from fuel station run-off and carwash wastewater: An assessment of ecological risk and experimental treatment

“…Heavy metal pollution of surface and groundwater from anthropogenic activities is a major problem worldwide. Mining is a key human activity which contributes to the heavy-metal pollution of surface and groundwater sources and soil in Ghana [ [1] , [2] , [3] ]; the processing of crude oil into petroleum products in Nigeria has also been linked to groundwater contamination with lead [ 4 ], whilst and the discharge of wastewater from domestic, industrial, and agricultural settings as well as atmospheric deposition were suggested as the cause of heavy metals contamination in northern Chinese soil and sediments [ 5 ]. Although other anthropogenic sources of heavy metals into the environment are known, the scale and frequency of these activities are sometimes limited.…”

“…The risk posed to human health by the high concentrations of heavy metals in water resources are observed in Nigeria [ 4 , 19 ], South Africa [ 20 ], Pakistan [ 21 ], Thailand [ 22 ] and in Ghana [ 23 ]. Heavy metals also pose serious ecological risks when assimilated into plants and animals [ 24 ].…”

“…Consequently, receiving waterbodies such as rivers, which are unarguably the most essential water resources [ 32 ], may be impacted by the heavy metals in CWW and FSR, posing a threat to human health and the environment. For example, contamination of surface and groundwater resources with heavy metals in Nigeria through the exploitation of crude oil, rendered about half of water resources unfit for human consumption [ 4 ], and lead concentrations in groundwater was found to be above the allowable limits set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria and WHO [ 4 ]. Hence, the removal of heavy metals from contaminated wastewater is essential in protecting ecosystems and human health.…”

Delineation of Aquifer Storage Capacity in Response to Regional Groundwater Development

“…The continuous deterioration in the quality of drinking water supplies in Nigeria by several human activities has generated serious challenges such as solid wastes [4,8,9,10]. The interactions between surface contaminants and the surface/groundwater have led to recent negative environmental impacts and public health risks [4,11,5,12,13].…”

Technological modeling of physicochemical removal of iron from deep groundwater

“…Water supply to settlements and industrial plants is conducted from surface or ground sources [ 1 ]. Surface waters are often contaminated with toxic chemicals, petroleum products, salts of heavy metals, phenols, biogenic substances, etc.…”