Surface tension and density data for Fe–Cr–Mo, Fe–Cr–Ni, and Fe–Cr–Mn–Ni steels

Abstract

The temperature dependence of surface tension and density for Fe-Cr-Mo (AISI 4142), Fe-Cr-Ni (AISI 304), and Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni TRIP/TWIP high-manganese (16 wt% Cr, 7 wt% Mn, and 3-9 wt% Ni) liquid alloys are investigated using the conventional maximum bubble pressure (MBP) and sessile drop (SD) methods. In addition, the surface tension of liquid steel is measured using the oscillating droplet method on electromagnetically levitated (EML) liquid droplets at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR, Cologne). The data of thermophysical properties for Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni is of major importance for modeling of infiltration and gas atomization processes in the prototyping of a ''TRIP-Matrix-Composite.'' The surface tension of TRIP/TWIP steel increased with an increase in temperature in MBP as well as in SD measurement. The manganese evaporation with the conventional measurement methods is not significantly high within the experiments (D Mn \ 0.5 %). The temperature coefficient of surface tension (dr/dT) is positive for liquid steel samples, which can be explained by the concentration of surface active elements. A slight influence of nickel on the surface tension of Fe-Cr-Mn-Ni steel was experimentally observed where r is decreased with increasing nickel content. EML measurement of high-manganese steel, however, is limited to the undercooling state of the liquid steel. The manganese evaporation strongly increased in excess of the liquidus temperature in levitation measurements and a mass loss of droplet of 5 % was observed.

A Broad Literature Review of Density Measurements of Liquid Cast Iron

“…As a clean surface was created before each bubble, the method was judged to be less sensible to oxidation and evaporation compared to the sessile drop method and electromagnetic levitation [27].…”

Determination of Viscosity for Liquid Fe–Cr–Mn–Ni Alloys

“…The high-temperature experiments to determine the viscosity of liquid steel were performed using argon 5.0 atmosphere and a radio-frequency furnace according to recent investigations. [12,13] [14] www.steel-research.de…”

“…A major stability and sensitivity of the oscillation is observed in atmosphere (25 °C) and is approximately 0.225 ± 0.0005 A to maintain a peak‐to‐peak amplitude of 625 μm. The high‐temperature experiments to determine the viscosity of liquid steel were performed using argon 5.0 atmosphere and a radio‐frequency furnace according to recent investigations …”

Surface Tension and Surface Tension Assessment of Ag-Au-Cu Ternary and Sub-Binary Alloy Systems

“…The second one is dynamic surface tension measurements so that many of these are considered as the modifications of the static models. One can generally mention some experimental methods such as ring [1,12]; oscillating jet [13][14][15][16][17]; DC method, as described in detail elsewhere [18][19][20]; oscillating droplet method [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40]; draining crucible method [19,20,41,42]; drop or weight method (it can be seen that the drop volume or weight method among the conventional methods of surface tension measurement has proven to be reliable and easy to handle) [43][44][45][46][47]; pulsating bubble [48]; pendant drop (it may be said that the use of the pendant drop method to measure interfacial tension between molten polymers has gotten a lot of attention) [11,[49][50][51]…”

“…On the other hand, the surface tension prediction is useful in designing and discovering new materials and it is necessary to discuss them theoretically. A brief review of some theoretical studies can be given here [16,33,71,101,104, along with neural network modeling dealing with the alloys and mixtures. The artificial neural network (ANN) studies have been carried out to predict the surface tension of some chemicals including liquid drugs [160] and the alloys Sn-In-Zn-Ag using Butler model, rare earth containing binary chloride mixtures via STCBE computer program [161], and the binary alloys Fe-Cu, Cu-Pb, Sn-Pb, Ag-Pb, Pb-In, Bi-Ag, Ag-Sn, Cu-A1, Fe-Si, and Ni-Si via a special calculation technique [135,162].…”