Surface Properties of Ice Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

Döppenschmidt, A.; Kappl, Michael; Butt, Hans‐Jürgen

doi:10.1021/jp981396s

Cited by 77 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…A quasi-liquid layer has been observed at ice surfaces above −24 • C (Bluhm and Salmeron, 1999;Döppenschmidt et al, 1998), and has been used to explain an increased uptake at temperatures approaching the melting point of chemically different species such as NO (Sommerfeld et al, 1992), HNO 3 (Diehl et al, 1998) and SO 2 (Lamb and Clapsaddle, 1989) . Although in some of the experiments presented here the nitrogen oxides were exposed to ice at temperatures above −24 • C at the column entrance, the retention is not influenced by diffusion in the quasi-liquid layer.…”

Section: Mechanistic Considerations Of the Uptake At Experimental Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on crystalline ice

et al. 2002

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Abstract. The partitioning of nitrogen oxides between ice and air is important to the ozone budget in the upper troposphere. In the present study, the adsorption of nitrogen oxides on ice was investigated at atmospheric pressure using a chromatographic technique with low concentrations of radioactively labelled nitrogen oxides. The measured retentions solely depended on molecular adsorption and were not influenced by dimerisation, formation of encapsulated hydrates on the ice surface, dissociation of the acids, nor by migration into a quasi-liquid layer or grain boundaries. Based on the chromatographic retention and the model of thermochromatography, the adsorption enthalpies of −20 kJ mol −1 for NO, −22 kJ mol −1 for NO 2 , −30 kJ mol −1 for peroxyacetyl nitrate, −32 kJ mol −1 for HONO and −44 kJ mol −1 for HNO 3 were calculated. To assess the adsorption enthalpies, standard adsorption entropies were calculated based on statistical thermodynamics. In this work, the use of two different standard states was demonstrated. Consequently different values of the standard adsorption entropy, of either between −39 J (K mol) −1 and −45 J (K mol) −1 , or −164 J (K mol) −1 and −169 J (K mol) −1 for each nitrogen oxide were deduced. The adsorption enthalpy derived from the measurements, was independent of the choice of standard state. A brief outlook on environmental implications of our findings indicates that adsorption on ice might be an important removal process of HNO 3 . In addition, it might be of some importance for HONO and peroxyacetyl nitrate and irrelevant for NO and NO 2 .

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Section: Mechanistic Considerations Of the Uptake At Experimental Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on crystalline ice

et al. 2002

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“…A number of experimental techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) [32], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [33,34], X-ray diffraction [35], and photoelectron spectroscopy [36], have been used to study the structural properties of the surface of ice [37]. These experiments provide evidence for the existence of structural disorder at the surface at temperatures below the bulk melting point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atomistic simulations of friction at an ice-ice interface

et al. 2013

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Even though the slipperiness of ice is important both technologically and environmentally and often experienced in everyday life, the nanoscale processes determining ice friction are still unclear. We study the friction of a smooth ice-ice interface using atomistic simulations, and especially consider the effects of temperature, load, and sliding velocity. At this scale, frictional behavior is seen to be determined by the lubricating effect of a liquid premelt layer between the sliding ice sheets. In general, increasing temperature or load leads to a thicker lubricating layer and lower friction, while increasing the sliding velocity increases friction due to viscous shear.

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“…However, it is generally acknowledged that the molecular-level AFM observation of ice crystal surfaces is very difficult (28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). Such difficulty is partly due to QLLs, although the cause of this difficulty is not yet fully clarified.…”

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confidence: 99%

Elementary steps at the surface of ice crystals visualized by advanced optical microscopy

Sazaki

Zepeda

Nakatsubo

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

110

150

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Due to the abundance of ice on earth, the phase transition of ice plays crucially important roles in various phenomena in nature. Hence, the molecular-level understanding of ice crystal surfaces holds the key to unlocking the secrets of a number of fields. In this study we demonstrate, by laser confocal microscopy combined with differential interference contrast microscopy, that elementary steps (the growing ends of ubiquitous molecular layers with the minimum height) of ice crystals and their dynamic behavior can be visualized directly at air-ice interfaces. We observed the appearance and lateral growth of two-dimensional islands on ice crystal surfaces. When the steps of neighboring two-dimensional islands coalesced, the contrast of the steps always disappeared completely. We were able to discount the occurrence of steps too small to detect directly because we never observed the associated phenomena that would indicate their presence. In addition, classical two-dimensional nucleation theory does not support the appearance of multilayered two-dimensional islands. Hence, we concluded that two-dimensional islands with elementary height (0.37 and 0.39 nm on basal and prism faces, respectively) were visualized by our optical microscopy. On basal and prism faces, we also observed the spiral growth steps generated by screw dislocations. The distance between adjacent spiral steps on a prism face was about 1∕20 of that on a basal face. Hence, the step ledge energy of a prism face was 1∕20 of that on a basal face, in accord with the known lowertemperature roughening transition of the prism face.in situ observation | monomolecular steps | two-dimensional nucleation growth | spiral growth I ce is one of the most abundant materials on earth, and its phase transition governs a wide variety of phenomena, such as weather, environment-related issues, life in a cryosphere, and cosmic evolution, etc. Hence the molecular-level understanding of ice crystal surfaces is crucially important. For example, ice crystal surfaces play a key role in heterogeneous physical/chemical reactions, such as the degradation of ozone and organic compounds adsorbed on ice crystal surfaces by UV light irradiation (1-4), the suppression of the growth of ice in living things by antifreeze proteins adsorbed on ice crystal surfaces (5-8), etc., as well as in the growth and sublimation/melting of ice crystals.A crystal bounded by flat crystal faces grows layer by layer (9, 10), utilizing laterally growing molecular layers that have the minimum height determined by the crystal structure. Hence, growing ends of such molecular layers, so-called "elementary steps," which ubiquitously exist on a crystal surface, play a key role during the physical/chemical reactions and the growth and sublimation/melting of ice crystals. Therefore to clarify such phenomena at the molecular level, first one has to observe elementary steps on ice crystal surfaces.Many optical microscopy studies have been carried out to date to observe the surface morphology of ice crystals, such ...

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Surface Properties of Ice Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy

Cited by 77 publications

References 57 publications

The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on crystalline ice

The adsorption of nitrogen oxides on crystalline ice

Atomistic simulations of friction at an ice-ice interface

Elementary steps at the surface of ice crystals visualized by advanced optical microscopy

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