Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Based on Modified <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$D$ </tex-math> </inline-formula>-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber for Wider Range of Refractive Index Detection

A Large Detection-Range Plasmonic Sensor Based on An H-Shaped Photonic Crystal Fiber

“…In addition, we use the artificial boundary condition of the outermost perfect matching layer (PML) to absorb the radiant energy as shown in Figure 1b [13,19,31].…”

“…ΩL, ГL and Δε can be interpreted as the oscillator strength, spectral width of the Lorentz oscillators, and weighting factor [30]. In addition, we use the artificial boundary condition of the outermost perfect matching layer (PML) to absorb the radiant energy as shown in Figure 1b [13,19,31].…”

“…The laborious process will make the sensor more fragile. In recent years, many researchers have focused on different types of photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based SPR sensor [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. By introducing air holes in the core area of the PCF, the effective refractive index (n eff ) of the core mode can be reduced, thus easily realizing the phase matching between the core mode and the SPP modes [14][15][16][17][18].…”

“…By introducing air holes in the core area of the PCF, the effective refractive index (n eff ) of the core mode can be reduced, thus easily realizing the phase matching between the core mode and the SPP modes [14][15][16][17][18]. These PCF-based SPR sensors have the advantages of miniaturization, high sensitivity and multi-parameter measurement, which make them more competitive in SPR sensing applications [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. However, currently, PCF-based SPR sensors have two principal challenges: the first problem is the difficult process of the sensor's fabrication, such as metal coating and analyte filling.…”

“…Therefore, it is difficult to coat them with metal film uniformly and to fill them with liquid analyte within the predetermined parameters. Furthermore, these processing methods make it difficult to reuse for the replacement of analyte; Another problem is the narrow refractive index (RI) range of the sensor detection, either employing low RI or high RI PCF-SPR sensors [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In these sensors, in order to meet the total reflection condition, the highest RI value detected by the low RI PCF-SPR sensors is lower than that of the fiber materials [14][15][16][17][18][19], whereas the lowest RI value detected by the high RI PCF-SPR sensors must be higher than that of the fiber materials [20][21][22][23].…”