“…The primary reasons are PEC water splitting process requires three fundamental steps, including light absorption, photoexcited charge separation and transportation, and photoexcited charge reaction. 13 During the past ve decades, earth-abundant and low-cost materials metal oxide semiconductors such as TiO 2 , [16][17][18] ZnO, 19 WO 3 , [20][21][22] Fe 2 O 3 , 23,24 Cu 2 O, 25 and BiVO 4 26,27 have been extensively explored as photocatalyst materials in the PEC system. These studies reveal that metal oxide materials have great potential to be promising photoelectrode materials for PEC water splitting.…”