“…In these measurement methods, the deformation and strain localization of materials during loading can be measured using several experimental techniques at various length scales, such as the widely used strain gage technique and various full-field non-contact optical methods including interferometric methods at the macroscale [8], the scanning electron microscope (SEM) grating method [9][10][11] and electron backscatter diffraction method [12] at the micron scale, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods [13,14] and atomic force microscopy [15,16] at the nanoscale, and the digital image correlation (DIC) method [17]. However, these experimental investigations have been conducted within a specific length scale because of the difficulty in obtaining multiscale measurements using one specimen.…”