Surface modification on ammonium polyphosphate and its enhanced flame retardancy in thermoplastic polyurethane

Zhang, Jingfan; Wang, Huqun; Sun, Wenxiang; Zhang, Zhiyuan; Li, Hongfei; Zhang, Sheng; Sun, Jun

doi:10.1002/pat.5299

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The two typical peaks of the XRD pattern of APP appear at 15.5°and 29.1°, corresponding to (011) and (112), respectively. 8,40 At the same time, the (002) peak shifts towards a lower value (6.8°) for the Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets, indicating the successful etching of Ti 3 AlC 2 . 41 The same microstructural change of these additives can be observed in the FTIR spectra (Figure 1c).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Constructing Fireproof MXene-Based Cotton Fabric/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Hierarchical Composites via Encapsulation Strategy

Nie,

Shi,

Jiang

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Promising cotton fabric composites are designed to be protected by flame retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites for the next-generation fire-proof suit. Herein, we successfully constructed flexible cotton/TPU hierarchical composites, where a comfortable cotton internal layer was obtained by multiple dip coating of titanium carbide (MXene) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/TPU composites served as external layers. The flame retardant and mechanical properties of its cotton/TPU hierarchical composites were tuned by adjusting the dip coating circle. The obtained thermogravimetric analysis results of the TPU/APP/Cn system indicated that the char residue of MXenebased cotton/TPU hierarchical composites by third dip coating increased from 9.81 to 30.81 wt %. Notably, the hierarchical composites showed 87.2% and 65% reductions in the peak of heat release rate and total heat release, respectively, compared to pure TPU. Besides, their mechanical performance was improved significantly, e.g. the tensile strength, elongation at break, and toughness reaching 20 MPa, 400%, and 30.0 MJ/m 3 , respectively. These properties improvements are due to the synergistic effect between MXene-based cotton and TPU/APP composites. This work offers a promising attempt for the design of flexible and multifunctional cotton/polymer hierarchical composites with brilliant flame retardancy and mechanical properties.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Constructing Fireproof MXene-Based Cotton Fabric/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Hierarchical Composites via Encapsulation Strategy

Nie,

Shi,

Jiang

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…However, the char content (at 800°C) was significantly higher in formulations containing APP and PEPA (>20%). Both APP and PEPA decompose to yield phosphoric acid, which reacts with the polymer and alters the degradation pathway to form the crosslinked char 32,45–47 . A generalized scheme for the formation of crosslinked char along with the FTIR of char residue of APP and PEPA blended PUI has been presented in the supplementary information (Scheme S1 and Figure S4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both APP and PEPA decompose to yield phosphoric acid, which reacts with the polymer and alters the degradation pathway to form the crosslinked char. 32,[45][46][47] A generalized scheme for the formation of crosslinked char along with the FTIR of char residue of APP and PEPA blended PUI has been presented in the supplementary information (Scheme S1 and Figure S4). Interestingly, the degradation pattern of DOPO and OPformulated samples is similar to that of neat PUI, which implies that the degradation path of PUI is not significantly altered.…”

Section: Thermal Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti‐drip flame retardant poly(urethane‐imide) thin films for high‐temperature applications

Meena

Roy

Jacob

2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The present work deals with developing anti-drip, flame-retardant, poly(urethane-imide) copolymer films for potential use in specialized applications.PUI formulations containing varying amounts of different flame retardants were prepared to achieve UL-94 VTM-0 rating without any melt-drip. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PUI exhibits multi-step degradation. The presence of flame-retardant additives operating through a condensed phase mechanism was found to reduce the initial degradation temperature and increase char yield. SEM imaging of the char residue revealed the intumescent behavior of PUI with APP and PEPA additives. Both these additives were found to be effective flame retardants for PUI films. The addition of 25% APP and 25% PEPA led to VTM-0 and VTM-1 ratings, respectively, without melt drip. DOPO, a representative vapor phase flame retardant, was also found to be effective for PUIs, with 25% DOPO introduction resulting in a VTM-0 rating. Conventional phosphate-based flame retardants, such as triethyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphate, were found to be relatively ineffective for PUI films. Interestingly, the mechanical properties of PUI improved significantly upon the introduction of flame-retardant additives. High thermal stability, and anti-drip flame retardant properties, bestows these formulated PUIs excellent candidature as materials for applications where flame retardancy with anti-drip is mandatory.anti-drip, flame retardant, phosphorous based flame retardants, poly(urethane-imide) | INTRODUCTIONPolyurethanes exhibit excellent properties such as hightensile strength, hydrolytic stability, and abrasion resistance, with numerous applications in the textile, automobile, construction, wire and cable, and footwear industries. 1,2 However, its low thermal stability, excessive melt dripping when subjected to heat flux, and a sharp decline in the mechanical properties around 80-90 C restrict its usage in applications where high-thermal stability is mandated, like fireresistant clothing, high-temperature insulation material, etc. 3,4 The thermo-mechanical properties of polyurethanes

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“…Owing to these characteristics, APP has become a research focus for additive flame retardants [19][20][21]. The industrially produced APP has been reported to have a relatively low degree of polymerization, is easily soluble in water, and has poor compatibility with the organic material substrates, which severely limit the use of flame-retardant plastics in humid environments [22][23][24]. To address these issues, the surface hydrophobic treatment of APP is one of the commonly used methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate and Its Application in Polypropylene Resins

Meng

Liu

et al. 2022

Coatings

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Herein, a simple and environment-friendly method of coupling agent treatment of APP (ammonium polyphosphate) is provided and an optimum process of modification via coupling agent is identified. The effects of coupling agent type, dosage, modification time, and modification temperature on the modification of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were investigated using an orthogonal experimental design. The modified ammonium polyphosphate (KAPP) was characterized under optimal process conditions using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. The treatment greatly improved the water solubility, dispersibility, and thermal stability of KAPP; and the application of KAPP in polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The flexural properties, thermal stability, and flame retardancy were studied using mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis, oxygen index, and UL-94 vertical combustion. The results show that the KAPP-added polypropylene composites have better bending properties when compared with the APP-added PP composites. SEM analysis suggests that the surface of KAPP became smoother and flat; dispersion was better, compatibility with the PP matrix was improved, and there were no prominent voids and gaps in the cross-section. A different degree of improvement in flame retardancy was also observed as per the LOI and vertical combustion results, wherein the PP composites prepared by adding 20% KAPP achieved the LOI of 27.6% and passed the UL-94 test with V-0 rating.

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Surface modification on ammonium polyphosphate and its enhanced flame retardancy in thermoplastic polyurethane

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Constructing Fireproof MXene-Based Cotton Fabric/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Hierarchical Composites via Encapsulation Strategy

Constructing Fireproof MXene-Based Cotton Fabric/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Hierarchical Composites via Encapsulation Strategy

Anti‐drip flame retardant poly(urethane‐imide) thin films for high‐temperature applications

Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate and Its Application in Polypropylene Resins

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