Surface Modification of Titanium Implants by Metal Ions and Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application

Abstract

Implant surface modification can improve osseointegration and reduce peri-implant inflammation. Implant surfaces are modified with metals because of their excellent mechanical properties and significant functions. Metal surface modification is divided into metal ions and nanoparticle surface modification. These two methods function by adding a finishing metal to the surface of the implant, and both play a role in promoting osteogenic, angiogenic, and antibacterial properties. Based on this, the nanostructural surface changes confer stronger antibacterial and cellular affinity to the implant surface. The current paper reviews the forms, mechanisms, and applications of nanoparticles and metal ion modifications to provide a foundation for the surface modification of implants.

Titanium surfaces with biomimetic topography and copper incorporation to modulate behaviors of stem cells and oral bacteria

“…This nanopetal-like topography was seen after the incorporation of copper ions by a hydrothermal method. More interestingly, the appearance of petal-like nanostructures is similar to the cross-section of tooth enamel after acid etching, i.e., the most highly mineralized tissue in the human body ( Cassari et al, 2023 ; Wu et al, 2023 ). This result suggests that this nanometer topography plays a significant role in regulating the cells’ fate and micro/nanostructure from the biomimetic aspect and could possess excellent biological properties and enhanced stem cell functions ( Wang et al, 2018 ; Bunz et al, 2022 ; Celesti et al, 2022 ).…”

“…The burst release and excessive doses of copper ions from implant’s surface are detrimental to cell function, which makes it critical to study this issue. Our time-releasing data indicate that the concentration of copper released accumulates to ∼0.15 ppm at 14 d, which is much less than the reported threshold of toxic concentration for human cells, thus making it possible to reduce the toxicity of copper and balance bacteria killing while supporting cell functions ( Wu et al, 2023 ). Sufficient stem cell attachment and pronounced cell spreading could occupy more exposed space on the biomaterial surface against pathogens, thus helping to reduce the possibility of infection.…”

RNA Coating Promotes Peri-Implant Osseointegration

“…Electrostatic interactions allow negatively charged biological macromolecules to bind with positively charged metal ions, serving as nucleation sites for spontaneous mineralization through ion adsorption–deposition . Studies indicate that the interaction between implants and cells, as well as the extracellular matrix, is influenced by the characteristics of their surfaces . The biological characteristics of implant surfaces can be improved by modification, promoting a series of complex biological effects, such as osseointegration.…”

A Facile Surface Modification Scheme for Medical-Grade Titanium and Polypropylene Using a Novel Mussel-Inspired Biomimetic Polymer with Cationic Quaternary Ammonium Functionalities for Antibacterial Application

“…Nevertheless, there were various endeavors to improve the biological interactions between the tissue and these two artificial synthetic materials. Improving the antimicrobial capability also attracted a vast amount of research interest including the use of functional deposits or surface functionalization of the titanium or polypropylene [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ] with different surface modification techniques.…”