Surface Modification of Decellularized Natural Cellulose Scaffolds with Organosilanes for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

The utility of plant tissues as scaffolding materials has been gaining significant interest in recent years owing to their unique material characteristics that are ideal for tissue regeneration. In this study, the degradation and biocompatibility of natural cellulosic scaffolds derived from Borassus f labellifer (Linn.) (BF) immature endosperm was improved by chemical oxidation and surface functionalization processes. Briefly, thus obtained cellulosic scaffolds were sequentially processed via a detergent exchange decellularization process followed by sodium periodate mediated oxidation and organosilane-based surface modification using amino (NH 2 )terminated 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and methyl (CH 3 )terminated octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS). Post oxidation and surface functionalization, the scaffolds showed improved physiochemical, morphological, and mechanical properties. Especially, the swelling capacity, total porosity, surface area, degradation kinetics, and mechanical behavior of scaffold were significantly higher in modified scaffold groups. The biocompatibility analysis demonstrated excellent cellular adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts with an evident upregulation of mineralization. Subcutaneous implantation of these scaffolds in a rat model demonstrated active angiogenesis, enhanced degradation, and excellent biocompatibility with concomitant deposition of a collagen matrix. Taken together, the native cellulosic scaffolds post chemical oxidation and surface functionalization can exclusively integrate the potential properties of native soft tissue with ameliorated in vitro and in vivo support in bone tissue engineering for nonloading bearing applications.

Investigating the Role of Amino Acids in Short Peptides for Hydroxyapatite Binding and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Aid Bone Regeneration

“…It is obvious from the studies that the collagen and noncollagen protein-derived peptides guide the phenotypic switch to M2 macrophages and augment the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors. The in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential of scaffolds is equivalent to self-assembled peptide gels, polymeric and peptide-modified polymer derivatives, hybrid biopolymers, and nanoparticles reported in the literature by Alshehri et al, Mahendiran et al, Tang et al, and Gilarska et al…”

Recent trends in bone tissue engineering: a review of materials, methods, and structures

“…In another study, scaffolds based on cellulose were modified by sodium periodate oxidation and amino-terminated 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and methyl-terminated octadecyltrichlorosilane. In addition to improvement in the swelling ratio, porosity, surface area, degradation behavior, and mechanical properties of scaffolds, enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts with upregulation of mineralization were observed [215].…”

Recent Methods for Modifying Mechanical Properties of Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds for Clinical Applications

“…Surface modification also has the capacity to facilitate the functionalisation of more unlikely material candidates for this research into more suitable substances. An example of this is offered by Mahendiran et al, who examined the potential of cellulose scaffolds derived from Borassus flabellifer for the purpose of bone tissue regeneration [ 166 ]. The scaffolds were derived from the plant’s immature endosperm which was then, after washing and oxidising the scaffolds, modified by two organosilanes; amino-terminated aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and methyl-terminated octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS).…”

“…The following supporting information can be downloaded at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/biomimetics8020205/s1: Table S1: A synopsis of each study described within this article, including the authors and publication year, material and tissue type, and testing and mechanical property information, as well as a brief summary, where appropriate, of each research paper reported thus far [29,64,113,[115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148]152,156,157,[159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166]…”

“…The following supporting information can be downloaded at : Table S1: A synopsis of each study described within this article, including the authors and publication year, material and tissue type, and testing and mechanical property information, as well as a brief summary, where appropriate, of each research paper reported thus far [ 29 , 64 , 113 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 , 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 152 , 156 , 157 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 170 , 190 ].…”