Surface Interactions Between Viruses and Clay Minerals and Microbes: Mechanisms and Implications

Stotzky, G.; Schiffenbauer, M.; Lipson, Steven M.; Yu, Bai

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-026401-1.50032-4

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…The interaction ofbacteria and phage in natural environments has not been studied directly, although surveys and soil enrichment cultures have demonstrated that diverse phage assemblages exist in soil and water (Tan and Reanney 1976, Scarpino 1978, Femandes et al 1986, Williams et al 1987. Laboratory investigations ofthe population dynamics ofphage and bacteria under semi-natural culture conditions, such as soil microcosms, should prove useful as an intermediate setting for experimental analyses (Reanney and Marsh 1973, Tan and Reanney 1976, Babich and Stotzky 1980, Stotzky et al 1981, Williams et al 1987. From such experiments can come hypotheses about the interactions in nature, and analytical procedures for testing them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics of Bacteriophage and Bacillus Subtilis in Soil

Pantastico-Caldas

Duncan

Istock

et al. 1992

Ecology

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The dynamics of the interaction of populations of Bacillus subtilis and a temperate bacteriophage in soil microorganisms were examined. The purpose of the study was to investigate these dynamics in a structured habitat approaching that of their natural habitat in soil, in contrast to previous investigations in broth or chemostats. We addressed three main questions. What are the population dynamics of a phage—bacteria interaction in soil? What role might the heterogeneity of the soil play in shaping the interaction? Are the dynamics controlled more by the population biology of the phage or of the bacteria? The phage used was isolated from Arizona desert soil in which B. subtilis is common. Phage and bacteria were grown separately or together in sterile soil microcosms consisting of autoclaved soil rich in organic material. Densities of phage and bacteria were estimated through repeated sterile sampling of the microcosms by spreading precise dilutions of sampled soil suspensions onto plates of microbiological media. The plates for estimation of phage densities contained in addition a lawn of host bacteria. While the principal focus is on temperate phage ecology, the dynamics of a single example of interaction between B. subtilis and virulent phage is also presented. In all cases an initial epidemic of phage occurred, followed by stable equilibria lasting weeks to months. A threshold host density for phage outbreak occurs at °5 x 106 colony—forming units per gram of soil. At equilibrium the phage, both temperate and virulent, were much less abundant than the bacteria. The temperate phage did not depress the equilibrium host density, while the virulent phage lowered it by a factor of ten. The acidic soil of these experiments caused rapid and permanent inactivation of free phage, making the continuous interaction of phage and host essential for persistence of phage. Low levels of phage resistance (superimmunity or genetic) were typical of host populations. Most properties of the interaction between B. subtilis and phage in soil are quite different from those observed with chemostat populations of Escherichia coli and virulent phages. Potential doubling times and rates of increase in soil for phage and B. subtilis were calculated. At equilibrium, soil slows the interaction of phage and host relative to population growth in broth culture, and possibly also makes it heterogeneous in space and time. The life—history features of B. subtilis and temperate phage are considerably more complex than those of non—sporeforming bacteria and virulent phage. The biotic relationship of temperate phage and host may be distinct from predation or parasitism. Patterns in the ecology and evolution of temperate and virulent phage were explored, leading to the expectation that temperate forms will be more common among the phages of soil bacteria.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Dynamics of Bacteriophage and Bacillus Subtilis in Soil

Pantastico-Caldas

Duncan

Istock

et al. 1992

Ecology

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“…Such concentrations of suspended matter are only occasionally observed in the Mackenzie Shelf region (Hill & Nadeau 1989. A potential confounder in our experiments was the high concentration of organic matter in the broths we used, as both Carlson et al (1968) and Stotzky et al (1981) reported that organics could inhibit phage adsorption to clays, presumably by outcompeting phage for binding sites. On the other hand, organics did not affect adsorption of enteric viruses to sediments in the experiments of LaBelle & Gerba (1979) and are inevitably 37 Aquat Microb Ecol 45: 31-39, 2006 present environmentally.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Hurst et al (1989) found that the strongest correlates of the inactivation rate of enteroviruses in freshwater at 1°C were turbidity and suspended solid concentration; the correlations were negative, implying a preservative effect. Stotzky et al (1981) reported that the presence of clays enhanced the lifetimes of different bacterial viruses in Tris buffer at both low (4°C) and high (37°C) temperatures, frequently by at least a factor of 2, depending on the virus and the clay. Survival of Type-1 poliovirus in seawater at 25°C was also enhanced in the presence of montmorillonite (tested at very high concentrations of 500 mg l -1 ), from which the virus could desorb and be recovered (Gantzer et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of temperature, salinity and clay particles on inactivation and decay of cold-active marine Bacteriophage 9A

Wells¹,

Deming²

2006

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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The effects of temperature, salinity and clay particles on the inactivation and decay of the cold-active Bacteriophage 9A, isolated from particle-rich Arctic seawater, were examined using a plating technique to evaluate infectivity (inactivation) and epifluorescence microscopy to measure phage concentrations (decay). Phage 9A was rapidly inactivated over a temperature test range of 25 to 55°C in marine broth (salinity of 36 psu), with half-lives ranging from <10 min at 25°C to ~1 min at 32.5°C and too rapid to measure at ≥35°C, making it among the most thermolabile phages. When salinity was varied at 30°C, the inactivation rates in brackish (21 psu) and briny (161 psu) broth were indistinguishable from that in marine broth (p > 0.20). At the environmentally relevant temperature of -1°C, however, loss of infectivity in briny broth was 3 to 4 times greater than in marine or brackish broth. As commonly observed, viral decay determined microscopically often substantially underestimated loss of infectivity: at 30°C, loss of infectivity exceeded the viral decay rate by approximately 1000-fold, while at -1°C, microscopic counts did not detect any of the losses observed by plaque assay. Under conditions comparable to a winter sea-ice brine inclusion (-12°C and 161 psu), however, plating and microscopy were in substantive agreement, indicating relatively minor losses of 16 to 34% losses over a 5 wk period. Illite, kaolinite or montmorillonite clays had no statistically significant effect on phage inactivation as a function of temperature or salinity, although rates tended to be slower in the presence of the clays. In general, our results emphasize the importance of working with cold-active phages under environmentally-relevant conditions of temperature and salinity. They also imply decay processes that involve viral proteins rather than nucleic acids; as a result, affected viruses may be recalcitrant to reactivation by known host-based repair mechanisms.KEY WORDS: Virus · Phage 9A · Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H · Temperature · Salinity · Clay · Illite · Mackenzie Shelf Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb Ecol 45: [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] 2006 show that cold-active viruses are typically more thermolabile than viruses not capable of cold activity. While the latter tend to survive long exposure (60 min or greater) at 60°C with minimal loss of titer (Olsen et al. 1968), a dramatic reduction in titer of ≥99% is common for cold-active viruses at this or cooler temperatures (reported down to 45°C) within 10 min (Spencer 1955, 1963, Olsen et al. 1968, Wiebe & Liston 1968, Kulpa & Olsen 1971, Whitman & Marshall 1971, Delisle & Levin 1972. If associated with greater flexibility in viral proteins, as seen in cold-active enzymes (Feller & Gerday 2003), this increased lability could be an adaptive trait in environments of low thermal energy, for example, facilitating viral interaction with cell-surface receptor(s) or nucleic acid injection.By further ana...

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“…and Stotzky , 1985; coliphages T1 and T7 had a greater affinity for M than for K, which was also correlated with the CEC of the clays, and T7 had a greater affinity for both clays than T1 Stotzky 1982, 1983); the adsorption of herpesvirus hominis type 1 was essentially the same on M and K (Stotzky et al 1981); and the adsorption of coliphage P1 was greater on M than on K, whereas phage F116 did not appear to adsorb to a significant extent on either clay (unpublished). Although surface interactions between clay minerals and viruses are complex and the exact mechanisms of the interactions are not well understood, the adsorption of viruses on clay minerals appears to be a function of the morphological, biochemical, and biophysical characteristics of the viruses, the physicochemical characteristics of the clays, and the composition of the ambient environment (Stotzky 1986).…”

Section: Time (Min)mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Viruses adsorb on components of soil, especially on clay minerals, which protects them against inactivation and enables them to persist in soil in the absence of their hosts (Stotzky 1980(Stotzky , 1986Stotzky et al 1981). Clay minerals are perhaps the most important component of soils, and they have a significant effect on the ecology of viruses and microbes (Lipson and Stotzky 1984;Stotzky 1980Stotzky , 1986.…”

Section: Eel Original Iezz Not Filtered E E I 3 Filteredmentioning

confidence: 97%

A simple method for enumerating bacteriophages in soil

Yin

Zeph²,

Stotzky³

1997

Can. J. Microbiol.

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A plaque technique that uses antibiotic-resistant bacteria growing on antibiotic-containing agar for the assay lawn resulted in significantly better recovery of bacteriophages P1 of Escherichia coli and F116 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from nonsterile soil than standard membrane filtration or centrifugation techniques. Adsorption of the phages on soil particles appeared to be involved in their recovery and survival in soil.

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Surface Interactions Between Viruses and Clay Minerals and Microbes: Mechanisms and Implications

Cited by 29 publications

References 5 publications

Population Dynamics of Bacteriophage and Bacillus Subtilis in Soil

Population Dynamics of Bacteriophage and Bacillus Subtilis in Soil

Effects of temperature, salinity and clay particles on inactivation and decay of cold-active marine Bacteriophage 9A

A simple method for enumerating bacteriophages in soil

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