Surface functionalized nanocellulose as a veritable inclusionary material in contemporary bioinspired applications: A review

Abstract

The past few decades have seen extraordinary gain in interest for bio-based products, driven by the intensifying call of the society for petrochemical material replacement and developing materials with next-to-no environmental impact. Cellulose, which is an abundantly available "green" material, can be derived from plant fibers and tailored for a plethora of possible uses where it can be used as a substrate or as a filler material. However, emerging technologies and product advancements necessitate the search for materials that are small, biodegradable, lightweight, and strong. Nanocellulose, which can be obtained through as mechanical and chemical production methods with tensile strength and Young's modulus of up to 0.5 and 130 GPa, respectively, proves to be the answer that they were looking for. However, the inherent hydrophilic nature of nanocellulose limited its potential widespread application. Surface modifications of nanocellulose to alter and diminish its hydrophilicity were done to address the aforementioned issues. In this article, we had reviewed on different types of surface modifications and their resulting impact on the properties of nanocellulose and their effect on polymer composites. The importance of nanocellulose in emerging applications such as biosensor, nanoremediation, papermaking, and automotive as well as the current state of the industry and the commercialization progress of nanocellulose were also discussed.

Preparation of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxy silane modified cellulose microcrystalline and their applications as flame retardant and reinforcing agents in epoxy resin

“…The amorphous regions of cellulose that act as structural defects can be removed, inducing a transverse cleavage of cellulose fibers into rod‐like particles . The most common source of extracting CMC is from cotton, ramie, wheat straw, and bamboo . The physical dimensions of the CMC are found to vary with the cellulosic source material and the preparation condition .…”

Covalent functionalization of solid cellulose by divergent synthesis of chemically active dendrons

“…Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on earth; it was first discovered by A. Payen in 1838 . Today, cellulose serves as a main component of paper, paperboard, and textiles made of cotton and linen, as well as a precursor material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose, cellophane, and viscose . The exploration of sustainable materials that originate from renewable resources placed cellulose in the center of an extensive research field.…”

Ultrasensitive Physical, Bio, and Chemical Sensors Derived from 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐D Nanocellulosic Materials

“…For example, CNC can be used as a template for optical devices, owing to its chiral nematic order 28. Strong and versatile nanocellulose meets the desired requirements for sensor fabrication 21. Thus, other than acting as a template, nanocellulose can also be used to enhance sensing performance by virtue of its active surfaces.…”

“…Ruiz‐Palomero et al7 also reviewed the progress of using nanocellulose as a novel platform for sensor design, focusing on the use of nanocellulose as an analytical tool for the determination of hazardous materials. Chin et al21 reviewed the research targeting three nanocellulose‐containing sensors: humidity sensors, mechanoresponsive sensors, and gas sensors. Giese and Spengler22 presented an excellent summary on the success of using CNC for photonic sensing.…”