Ultrasensitive Physical, Bio, and Chemical Sensors Derived from 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐D Nanocellulosic Materials

Abstract

Sensors are of increasing interest since they can be applied to daily life in different areas from various industrial sectors. As a natural nanomaterial, nanocellulose plays a vital role in the development of novel sensors, particularly in the context of constructing multidimensional architectures. This review summarizes the utilization of nanocellulose including cellulose nanofibers, cellulose nanocrystals, and bacterial cellulose for sensor design, mainly focusing on the influence of nanocellulose on the sensing performance of these sensors. Special attention is paid to nanocellulose in different forms (1D, 2D, and 3D) to highlight the impact of nanocellulose constructed structures. The aim is to provide a critical review on the most recent progress (especially after 2017) related to nanocellulose‐containing sensors, since there are significantly increasing research activities in this area. Moreover, the outlook for the development of nanocellulose‐containing sensors is also provided at the end of this work.

Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications

“…In the subsequent sections, we shed light on current trends and recent research on the use of nanocellulose with special emphasis on nanocomposites, medical, Pickering emulsifiers, wood adhesives, adsorption, separation, decontamination, and filtration applications, to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of the advanced science and engineering of nanocellulose-based emerging materials and uses. Other emerging applications of nanocellulose such as papermaking, oil and gas drilling and cementing, energy storage systems, sensors and biosensors, which have been extensively reviewed in recent years (Du X. et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2018;Kim J. H. et al, 2019;Tayeb and Tayeb, 2019;Balea et al, 2020;Dai et al, 2020;Lasrado et al, 2020;Ramasamy and Amanullah, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020), are excluded and they are beyond the scope of the present review. It is expected that this review will forge new directions for the preparation of NC as well as the design and production of new NC-based materials for widespread advanced applications.…”

Carbon Nano-Sphere Derived From Crop Residues by Acidic Lithium Bromide Treatment and as an Excellent Adsorbent to Both Heavy Ions and Methyl Orange

“…3.5 the removal ability of biochar to heavy ions and methyl orange Currently, biochar as the adsorbent was usually used in the removal of heavy ions and organic chemicals in environmental remediation (Bai et al, 2018;Dai et al, 2020;Kazakis et al, 2018;Zhao et al, 2017). The Cr(VI), as one of the most toxic metal ion, could cause many diseases, such as dermatitis and lung cancer, highly threating human health (Gao & Xia, 2011;Kazakis et al, 2018).…”

Cellulose Nanocrystals/Graphene Hybrids—A Promising New Class of Materials for Advanced Applications

“…NC possesses excellent useful properties such as renewability, eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, non-toxicity, hydrogen-bonding capacity, tunable crystallinity, high chemical resistance, tailored aspect ratios (100–150), low thermal expansion coefficient, reactive surface, low density (1.6 g/cm 3 ), high specific surface area (100–200 of m 2 /g), high tensile strength (7.5–7.7 GPa) and elastic modulus (130–150 GPa) [ 10 , 30 ]. This promising polysaccharide has received tremendous attention during the last two decades in a wide range of applications such as sensors and biosensors, energy storage systems, oil and gas drilling and cementing, papermaking, filtration, decontamination, adsorption, separation, wood adhesives, Pickering emulsifiers, medical and nanocomposites, to cite a few [ 13 , 14 , 16 , 20 , 35 , 36 , 42 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. Depending on the isolation method, morphology and size, NC is principally categorized into: (i) cellulose nanostructured materials such as cellulose microfibrils and microcrystalline cellulose and (ii) cellulose nano-objects, also known as nanofibers, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and bacterial nanocellulose (BC).…”