Surface Functionalization of Enzyme-Coronated Gold Nanoparticles with an Erythrocyte Membrane for Highly Selective Glucose Assays

Abstract

Colorimetric glucose sensors using enzyme-coronated gold nanoparticles have been developed for high-throughput assays to monitor the blood glucose levels of diabetic patients. Although those sensors have shown sensitivity and wide linear detection ranges, they suffer from poor selectivity and stability in detecting blood glucose, which has limited their practical use. To address this limitation, herein, we functionalized glucose-oxidase-coronated gold nanoparticles with an erythrocyte membrane (EM-GOx-GNPs). Because the erythrocyte membrane (EM) selectively facilitates the permeation of glucose via glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), the functionalization of GOx-GNPs with EM improved the stability, selectivity (3.3- to 15.8-fold higher), and limit of detection (LOD). Both membrane proteins, GLUT1 and aquaporin-1 (AQP1), on EM were shown to be key components for selective glucose detection by treatment with their inhibitors. Moreover, we demonstrated the stability of EM-GOx-GNPs in high-antioxidant-concentration conditions, under long-term storage (∼4 weeks) and a freeze–thaw cycle. Selectivity of the EM-GOx-GNPs against other saccharides was increased, which improved the LOD in phosphate-buffered saline and human serum. Our results indicated that the functionalization of colorimetric glucose sensors with EM is beneficial for improving selectivity and stability, which may make them candidates for use in a practical glucose sensor.

Glucose Oxidase Activity Colorimetric Assay Using Redox-Sensitive Electrochromic Nanoparticle-Functionalized Paper Sensors

“…Previous studies have reported various biosensors for detecting Glu using redox reactions with GOx. , However, in contrast, measuring GOx using Glu and other sugars has been rarely reported. , Herein, we tested which saccharides could efficiently recognize GOx. First, Glu@CPS, Fru@CPS, Mal@CPS, Lac@CPS, and Suc@CPS were prepared by coating the CPS with various saccharides, such as Glu, Fru, Mal, Lac, and Suc (Figure S8).…”

“…Glucose (Glu) is a vital component of human physiological fluids, with elevated concentrations posing a significant threat to health through the potential onset of diabetes . Consequently, a variety of biosensors for glucose measurement have been developed. − Among these, glucose oxidase (GOx), produced by fungi such as Aspergillus niger, has emerged as a primary enzyme in biosensors for glucose detection. − GOx not only catalyzes the oxidation of glucose into hydrogen peroxide and d-glucono-δ-lactone but also possesses unique characteristics such as specific activity, thermal stability, pH tolerance, and substrate specificity. − These attributes have led to widespread utilization and growing interest in GOx across various industrial sectors, including food, clinical diagnostics, and biotechnology. Concurrently, research utilizing GOx is actively progressing.…”

“… 1 Consequently, a variety of biosensors for glucose measurement have been developed. 2 − 5 Among these, glucose oxidase (GOx), produced by fungi such as Aspergillus niger , has emerged as a primary enzyme in biosensors for glucose detection. 6 − 8 GOx not only catalyzes the oxidation of glucose into hydrogen peroxide and d-glucono-δ-lactone but also possesses unique characteristics such as specific activity, thermal stability, pH tolerance, and substrate specificity.…”

PCR-like performance of rapid test with permselective tunable nanotrap

“…2e, f and S 7 ). Via KPFM, we measured the physicochemical characterizations of the BEETLES 2 membrane, which was negatively charged due to the negatively charged phospholipids in RBCM 29 , 30 . In contrast, the BEETLES 2 membrane with 4% RBCM showed a relatively positively charged surface compared to that with 2% RBCM.…”

Near Infrared-II Photothermal and Colorimetric Synergistic Sensing for Intelligent Onsite Dietary Myrosinase Profiling

“…To break the hurdles of the aforementioned techniques, nanomaterial-based colorimetric assays have recently attracted academic and industrial attention due to the merits of their simple operation, low cost, easy visualization, and availability for onsite detection. − Recently, a 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB)–H 2 O 2 colorimetric system has been widely used in bioanalysis and clinical application. , To further strengthen the applicability of detection, the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become an ideal candidate as an enzyme-mimicking nano-catalyst because of their high stability, easy use, and wider working temperature and pH values than most natural enzymes (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, esterase, etc. ), which are more conducive to onsite determination. − For example, Tang et al developed a self-powered temperature sensor based on Seebeck effect transduction induced by the one-electron oxidation product (ox-TMB) of TMB, which could be applied to α-fetoprotein photothermal-thermoelectric analysis .…”