Surface Engineering of Fluoropolymer Films via the Attachment of Crown Ether Derivatives Based on the Combination of Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization and the Kabachnik–Fields Reaction

Omichi, Masaaki; Yamashita, Shuhei; Okura, Yamato; Ikutomo, Ryuta; Ueki, Yuji; Seko, Noriaki; Kakuchi, Ryohei

doi:10.3390/polym11081337

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…This allows for a variety of applications [144]. Over the last 5 years, the major applications remain in accordance to societal needs with the development of: adsorbents for depollution (removal of toxic metals [144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152], ammonia/ammonium species [153,154], atmospheric CO 2 [155]); exchange membranes for fuel cell (anion [156,157] and proton [158,159], batteries or super capacitors [116]; functional fibers other than adsorbent applications (flame-retardant [160], antistatic and antibacterial [161] properties); and numerous applications are emerging in the field of renewable energies [162].…”

Section: Radiation-induced Grafting Of Solid Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among many polymers whose surfaces are modified by RIG, the most commonly used polymers are polyolefins such as polyethylene (PE) [146,148,155], polypropylene (PP) [148], and with a new trend using recycled polyolefin waste (PPw) [145]. There are also a significant number of reports of using surface modification of polyamide (PA) [155,161,170,171], poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) [155,172,173], polyurethane (PUR) [174,175], fluoropolymers [154] such as poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) [176,177] poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluroethylene) [156,178] and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) [116,153,159,[179][180][181], cellulose [182,183], and many biopolymers such as chitosan [149]. Novel organic surfaces based on graphene oxide [151] have also emerged as organic materials that can be grafted by radiation.…”

Section: Polymer Substrate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

et al. 2020

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Ionizing radiation has become the most effective way to modify natural and synthetic polymers through crosslinking, degradation, and graft polymerization. This review will include an in-depth analysis of radiation chemistry mechanisms and the kinetics of the radiation-induced C-centered free radical, anion, and cation polymerization, and grafting. It also presents sections on radiation modifications of synthetic and natural polymers. For decades, low linear energy transfer (LLET) ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays, X-rays, and up to 10 MeV electron beams, has been the primary tool to produce many products through polymerization reactions. Photons and electrons interaction with polymers display various mechanisms. While the interactions of gamma ray and X-ray photons are mainly through the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair-production, the interactions of the high-energy electrons take place through coulombic interactions. Despite the type of radiation used on materials, photons or high energy electrons, in both cases ions and electrons are produced. The interactions between electrons and monomers takes place within less than a nanosecond. Depending on the dose rate (dose is defined as the absorbed radiation energy per unit mass), the kinetic chain length of the propagation can be controlled, hence allowing for some control over the degree of polymerization. When polymers are submitted to high-energy radiation in the bulk, contrasting behaviors are observed with a dominant effect of cross-linking or chain scission, depending on the chemical nature and physical characteristics of the material. Polymers in solution are subject to indirect effects resulting from the radiolysis of the medium. Likewise, for radiation-induced polymerization, depending on the dose rate, the free radicals generated on polymer chains can undergo various reactions, such as inter/intramolecular combination or inter/intramolecular disproportionation, b-scission. These reactions lead to structural or functional polymer modifications. In the presence of oxygen, playing on irradiation dose-rates, one can favor crosslinking reactions or promotes degradations through oxidations. The competition between the crosslinking reactions of C-centered free radicals and their reactions with oxygen is described through fundamental mechanism formalisms. The fundamentals of polymerization reactions are herein presented to meet industrial needs for various polymer materials produced or degraded by irradiation. Notably, the medical and industrial applications of polymers are endless and thus it is vital to investigate the effects of sterilization dose and dose rate on various polymers and copolymers with different molecular structures and morphologies. The presence or absence of various functional groups, degree of crystallinity, irradiation temperature, etc. all greatly affect the radiation chemistry of the irradiated polymers. Over the past decade, grafting new chemical functionalities on solid polymers by radiation-induced polymerization (also called RIG for Radiation-Induced Grafting) has been widely exploited to develop innovative materials in coherence with actual societal expectations. These novel materials respond not only to health emergencies but also to carbon-free energy needs (e.g., hydrogen fuel cells, piezoelectricity, etc.) and environmental concerns with the development of numerous specific adsorbents of chemical hazards and pollutants. The modification of polymers through RIG is durable as it covalently bonds the functional monomers. As radiation penetration depths can be varied, this technique can be used to modify polymer surface or bulk. The many parameters influencing RIG that control the yield of the grafting process are discussed in this review. These include monomer reactivity, irradiation dose, solvent, presence of inhibitor of homopolymerization, grafting temperature, etc. Today, the general knowledge of RIG can be applied to any solid polymer and may predict, to some extent, the grafting location. A special focus is on how ionizing radiation sources (ion and electron beams, UVs) may be chosen or mixed to combine both solid polymer nanostructuration and RIG. LLET ionizing radiation has also been extensively used to synthesize hydrogel and nanogel for drug delivery systems and other advanced applications. In particular, nanogels can either be produced by radiation-induced polymerization and simultaneous crosslinking of hydrophilic monomers in “nanocompartments”, i.e., within the aqueous phase of inverse micelles, or by intramolecular crosslinking of suitable water-soluble polymers. The radiolytically produced oxidizing species from water, •OH radicals, can easily abstract H-atoms from the backbone of the dissolved polymers (or can add to the unsaturated bonds) leading to the formation of C-centered radicals. These C-centered free radicals can undergo two main competitive reactions; intramolecular and intermolecular crosslinking. When produced by electron beam irradiation, higher temperatures, dose rates within the pulse, and pulse repetition rates favour intramolecular crosslinking over intermolecular crosslinking, thus enabling a better control of particle size and size distribution. For other water-soluble biopolymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, DNA and RNA, the abstraction of H atoms or the addition to the unsaturation by •OH can lead to the direct scission of the backbone, double, or single strand breaks of these polymers.

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Section: Radiation-induced Grafting Of Solid Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Polymer Substrate Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

et al. 2020

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“…It is noteworthy that the KF reaction has also been widely used in the modification of preexisting polymers [99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107] and in one-pot combination with radical polymerization. [108][109][110] To the best of our knowledge, however, no synthesis of 3D structured materials was reported for the KF-3CR.…”

Section: 2a Kabachnik-fieldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imine-based multicomponent polymerization: Concepts, structural diversity and applications

Stiernet

Debuigne

2022

Progress in Polymer Science

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“…However, these methods can readily damage PTFE structures and cause environmental pollution. As a dry treatment method, plasma treatment is widely used for the surface modification of PTFE, which can introduce a variety of active functional groups on the surface in a short time [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. However, the wettability after plasma treatment depends on numerous process parameters, such as the type of discharge, feed gas, working pressure, input power, and treatment time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dyeable Hydrophilic Surface Modification for PTFE Substrates by Surface Fluorination

Kobayashi

Nishimura²,

Kim³

et al. 2023

Membranes

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Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is the most widely used fluoropolymer that has various functionalities such as heat resistance, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, and non-adhesiveness. However, PTFE is difficult to dye because of its high water repellency. In this study, the PTFE surface was modified by a combination of gold sputtering and surface fluorination to improve dyeability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that, compared with the untreated sample, the gold-sputtered and acid-washed surface of PTFE had a negligible number of C–F terminals. Furthermore, the intensity of the C–C peak increased drastically. The polar groups (C=O and C–Fx) increased after surface fluorination, which enhanced the electronegativity of the surface according to the zeta potential results. Dyeing tests with methylene blue basic dye showed that the dye staining intensity on the surface of fluorinated PTFE samples was superior to other samples. It is due to the increased surface roughness and the negatively charged surface of fluorinated PTFE samples. The modified PTFE substrates may find broad applicability for dyeing, hydrophilic membrane filters, and other adsorption needs.

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Surface Engineering of Fluoropolymer Films via the Attachment of Crown Ether Derivatives Based on the Combination of Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization and the Kabachnik–Fields Reaction

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

Polymerization Reactions and Modifications of Polymers by Ionizing Radiation

Imine-based multicomponent polymerization: Concepts, structural diversity and applications

Dyeable Hydrophilic Surface Modification for PTFE Substrates by Surface Fluorination

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